Unemployment countermeasures project - Shitsugyo Taisakujigyo

Japanese: 失業対策事業 - しつぎょうたいさくじぎょう
Unemployment countermeasures project - Shitsugyo Taisakujigyo

In a broad sense, it refers to unemployment relief projects undertaken by the national or local governments in response to a long-term, large-scale backlog of unemployed people, while in a narrow sense it refers to unemployment countermeasures projects based on the Emergency Unemployment Measures Act (Act No. 89 of 1949).

In Japan, it is said that the first such programs were implemented in six major cities in 1925 (Taisho 14). In 1946 (Showa 21), immediately after the Second World War, emergency unemployment relief programs for the intellectual class were launched, followed by emergency unemployment programs as part of public works projects. In 1949, faced with mass layoffs in private companies and public offices following the implementation of the Dodge Line, the Emergency Unemployment Measures Act was enacted, which led to the implementation of unemployment countermeasures programs as a separate system from public works. As a result, the number of employed people continued to increase from 310,000 in 1955, reaching 350,000 in 1960.

After that, the Emergency Unemployment Measures Law was amended in 1963 to split the program into two, the employment program for the unemployed and the employment program for the elderly, and together with job guidance for the unemployed in private companies, a trend towards downsizing was set. Furthermore, the 1971 Law for the Promotion of Employment of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons (Law No. 68 of 1971, "Special Measures Law for the Promotion of Employment of Middle-Aged and Elderly Persons") made it impossible for newly unemployed people who became unemployed after the law came into force to work in unemployment countermeasures programs. The number of workers decreased year by year due to these measures, falling to about 120,000 in 1975 and about 100,000 in 1979. In 1981, in order to "end" the program, a lump-sum payment was paid to drive out the workers, and it is said that about 20,000 people left the unemployment countermeasures programs as a result.

Subsequently, a law repealing the Emergency Unemployment Measures Law was enacted in April 1996, bringing an end to unemployment countermeasure programs. However, taking into consideration the history and actual employment conditions, a program was started by several local governments to provide outdoor work, weeding, and other light work to employed people under the age of 65 at the time the program ended.

[Mitomi Noriyoshi]

The national unemployment countermeasures projects ended in this way, but when the unemployment situation worsened around 2000 (Heisei 12) during the recession, the Emergency Regional Employment Creation Special Grant System was introduced in 1999 as a replacement for the unemployment countermeasures projects, which ran until fiscal 2005. Under this system, the national government provides funds to local governments, which then use those funds to implement projects to employ unemployed people for up to six months. In response to the global recession that began in 2008, the national government launched an emergency employment creation project, which also involved the national government providing funds to local governments, which then used those funds to create employment opportunities for mainly unemployed people for up to six months.

[Yoshio Sasajima]

"Social Policy" edited by Tadashi Ishida and Kiichi Ogawa (1978, Seirin Shoin Shinsha)""Commentary on the Practical Aspects of the Revised Employment Measures Law" edited and published by the Labor Newspaper Company (2008)""Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Annual Editions of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare White Paper"

[Reference items] | Public Works | Unemployment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には失業者の長期かつ大量の滞留に対処して国あるいは地方自治体の行う失業者救済事業をさすが、狭義には緊急失業対策法(昭和24年法律第89号)に基づく失業対策事業をいう。

 日本では、1925年(大正14)に六大都市で行われたのが最初といわれる。第二次世界大戦直後の1946年(昭和21)には知識階級失業応急救済事業が始められ、ついで公共事業の一環として失業応急事業が開始された。1949年には、ドッジ・ラインの実施に伴う民間企業および官公庁の大量の人員整理に直面して緊急失業対策法が制定され、ここに公共事業とは別個の体系をなす失業対策事業が実施されるに至った。これにより就労者数は、1955年の31万人から増加し続け、1960年には35万人に達した。

 その後、1963年に行われた緊急失業対策法の改正により、失業者就労事業と高齢失業者等就労事業とに二分され、失業者に対する民間企業への就職指導と相まって、縮小の方向が打ち出された。さらに、1971年の中高年齢者雇用促進法(「中高年齢者等の雇用の促進に関する特別措置法」昭和46年法律第68号)の制定により、同法の施行後新たに発生する失業者については、失業対策事業に就労できないこととされた。就労者数は、これらの措置によって年々減少し、1975年に約12万人、1979年には約10万人にまで落ち込んだ。1981年には、事業の「終息」を図るために一時金の支給による就労者の追い出しが組織され、これによって約2万人が失業対策事業を去ったといわれる。

 その後、緊急失業対策法を廃止する法律が1996年(平成8)4月に施行され、これにより失業対策事業は終息する。なお、これまでの経緯や就労の実情などを考えて、事業の終息時65歳未満の就労者を対象にして、屋外作業や除草などの軽作業を内容にする事業が、いくつかの自治体を事業主体にして行われた。

[三富紀敬]

 国による失業対策事業は以上のようにして終了したが、2000年(平成12)前後の失業情勢が深刻化した不況時には、失業対策事業に代わるものとして1999年に緊急地域雇用創出特別交付金制度を導入し2005年度まで実施した。同制度は国から自治体に資金を提供し、自治体はその資金を利用して、失業者を最長半年間雇用する事業を実施する、というものである。また2008年に始まる世界同時不況に際しては、国は緊急雇用創出事業を開始したが、この事業も、国が地方自治体に資金を提供し、自治体はその資金を利用して主として失業者が最長半年間雇用される雇用機会を創出する、というものである。

[笹島芳雄]

『石田忠・小川喜一編『社会政策』(1978・青林書院新社)』『労働新聞社編・刊『改正雇用対策法の実務解説』(2008)』『厚生労働省編『厚生労働白書』各年版(ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 公共事業 | 失業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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