A phenomenon in which gas undergoes an exothermic reaction at an extremely high speed, expanding suddenly and generating a shocking pressure wave. Recently, explosions of propane gas for home use have been reported, but here we will only discuss methane gas explosions that have occurred in coal mines. Fallen trees that grew in ancient geological times were carried by the water current and accumulated, covered with soil and turned into coal by pressure from above and below and the action of geothermal heat. This is called carbonization, and over the years, the organic compounds such as carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that made up the tree body decompose, leaving only the carbon to become coal. In the process, the hydrogen is separated into methane gas, and the oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide. The former reaction is called demethanization, and the latter is called decarbonation. Of these two gases, carbon dioxide dissolves in water and dissipates, and some of the methane gas dissipates and disappears, but the rest is often stored in the coal seam. When mining of the coal seam begins, the stored methane is released and mixes with the ventilation that is carried out to bring fresh air into the mine, creating an air-methane mixture. When the methane gas content in this mixture is in the range of 5 to 15%, it will cause a violent explosion if it catches fire. This is the disaster known as a gas explosion in a coal mine. Explosions are often caused by blasting or electrical sparks, but spontaneous combustion of coal beds can also be a source of fire. Experiments have confirmed that the pressure generated by an explosion can reach several atmospheres and temperatures of up to one thousand and several hundred degrees Celsius, but it is estimated that in actual mines the pressure is at most two to three atmospheres and the temperature is around 1000 degrees Celsius. Nevertheless, past examples of coal mine explosions have shown that the pressure and temperature caused by an explosion are enough to kill or injure people in the vicinity. The scary thing about gas explosions is that they often trigger subsequent coal dust explosions, which cause even higher pressures and temperatures and generate large amounts of carbon monoxide, making the disaster even more severe. Examples of such explosions include the Mitsui Yamano Coal Mine explosion in June 1965, which killed 237 people, and the Hokutan Yubari No. 1 Mine accident in the same year, which killed 62 people. Measures to prevent gas explosions include (1) improving ventilation in the mine and diluting the gas to a level that will not explode before discharging it, (2) because fire sources are often blasting or electric sparks, for safety reasons shower blasting is used, in which a stream of water is sprayed onto the working face, and (3) automatic power cut-off devices linked to automatic gas alarms that detect the explosive limit concentration have been developed, and these devices can be installed at key points in the mine. [Toshiro Isobe] "Mine Safety Handbook" by Yutaka Yamada (1958, Asakura Publishing) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
気体がきわめて大きな速度で発熱反応をおこし、急激に膨張して衝撃的な圧力波を生じる現象。最近、家庭用のプロパンガスの爆発も報道されているが、ここでは炭鉱坑内でおこったメタンガス爆発についてのみ説明する。 古い地質時代に繁茂していた倒木が水流にのって集積し、土砂をかぶって上下からの圧力と地熱の作用で石炭になった。これを石炭化作用というが、長年月の間に樹木体を構成していた炭素、酸素、水素などの有機化合物が分解し、炭素分だけが残って石炭になる。その過程で水素分はメタンガスとなり分離し、酸素分は二酸化炭素に変化する。前者の反応を脱メタン作用、後者を脱炭酸作用という。この二つの気体のうち二酸化炭素は水に溶けて散逸し、メタンガスの一部は放散消失するが、残りは炭層中に収蔵されていることが多い。炭層の採掘が始まると、収蔵メタンが放出し、坑内に新鮮な空気を送り込む目的で行っている通気と混じり合い、空気・メタン混合気ができあがる。この混合気中のメタンガス含有率が5~15%の範囲にあるとき、それに火がつくと激しい爆発となる。いわゆる炭鉱のガス爆発という惨事である。爆発の火源は発破(はっぱ)、電気火花などが多いが、炭層の自然発火も火源となりうる。 実験によれば、爆発によって生ずる圧力は数気圧、温度は千数百℃にもなることが確かめられているが、実際の坑内では多くても2~3気圧、1000℃内外であろうと推定されている。それでも爆発による圧力、温度のため、付近にいた人を十分殺傷する力をもっているのは過去の炭鉱爆発の例が示している。 ガス爆発の恐ろしさは、その後、炭塵(たんじん)爆発を誘発することが多く、そのときは圧力、温度ともにさらに高くなり、そのうえ多量の一酸化炭素が発生する。そのため災害がいっそう大きくなる。たとえば、1965年(昭和40)6月の237人の死亡者を出した三井山野炭鉱の爆発、同じ年の62人の死者の出た北炭夕張第一鉱の事故などはそれである。 ガス爆発の防止策は、(1)坑内の通気をよくしてガスを爆発しない程度に薄めて排出すること、(2)火源は発破および電気火花などが多いため、安全管理のため切羽(きりは)面に水流を噴射しながら行うシャワー発破、(3)爆発限界濃度を検知するガス自動警報器に連動する電源の自動遮断装置などが開発されているので、坑内の要所要所に設置するなどの方法がある。 [磯部俊郎] 『山田穣著『鉱山保安ハンドブック』(1958・朝倉書店)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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