A celestial altitude measuring device developed by Islamic astronomers and introduced to Europe in the 13th century. It was an essential measuring tool for celestial navigation during the Age of Discovery in the 16th and 17th centuries, and was introduced to Japan in the late 16th century and used on red seal trading ships. At the time, it was called astrolabio or istaraby in Japan, the former coming from the Latin astrolabium and the latter from the Portuguese astrolabio. In Arabic, it is called asturlāb. A graduated disk hung from a string has a pointer attached to it that indicates the position of a celestial object. Later, it came to refer to an instrument that uses an equilateral triangular prism and a mercury plate to measure the time when a celestial object reaches a certain altitude and determines the latitude and longitude of the observation point. It was used for field observations, but was improved into a high-precision observation instrument by A. Dashon, director of the Paris Observatory, and is used for precise observation of latitude changes and other things. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イスラムの天文学者が発達させた天体の高度測定器で,ヨーロッパには 13世紀に伝えられた。 16~17世紀の大航海時代の天文航法には欠かせない計測具で,16世紀後半には日本にも伝えられ,朱印貿易船の航海に使用された。当時日本ではアストロラアビヨとかイスタラビと呼んでいるが,前者はラテン語の astrolabium,後者はポルトガル語の astrolabioからきたものである。アラビア語でアストゥルラーブ asturlābという。紐でつるした目盛りつき円盤に,天体の位置を示す指針が取付けてある。その後,正三角形プリズムと水銀盤を用い,天体がある高度に達した時刻を測定して,観測地点の緯度および経度を決める器械をいうようになった。野外観測に用いられてきたが,パリ天文台長の A.ダションにより高精度観測器械に改良され,緯度変化などの精密観測に使われている。
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