Volcanic sedimentary rocks are made up of rock fragments of magma origin brought to the earth's surface by volcanic activity. It is a general term for volcanic sedimentary rocks, including volcanic ejecta of various sizes that have been crushed and rounded by seawater or land water and have been deposited secondary. It is also called pyroclastic rock for short. Pyroclastic rocks are usually an aggregate of extremely diverse volcanic ejecta, but they are classified as follows based on the properties and size of the main rock fragments, which account for approximately 50% or more. Those that do not have a specific shape or internal structure are classified as volcanic blocks with a diameter of 32 millimeters or more, volcanic breccia and tuff breccia made of volcanic ash, volcanic lapilli tuff made of volcanic lapilli with a diameter of 32 to 2 millimeters, and tuff made of volcanic ash with a diameter of 2 millimeters or less. Clastic rocks that show specific shapes include tuff agglomerate (containing volcanic bombs), scoria agglomerate, lava cake tuff (scoria) agglomerate, etc., all of which are distributed only around the crater. Other porous rocks include pumice tuff and scoria tuff. These pyroclastic rocks are classified as airfall (grain size changes regularly depending on distance from the crater), land transport (randomly deposited), terrestrial deposits, or subaqueous deposits based on the stratification, grain size distribution, and lithology. Pyroclastic rocks are classified as essential rocks that come directly from the magma that rose during a volcanic eruption, cataclastic rocks that consist of rock fragments that make up the same volcanic edifice, and heteroclastic rocks that consist of rock fragments from bedrock. [Toshihiko Yajima] HK tuff. Produced in Kyonan Town, Awa District, Chiba Prefecture ©Shogakukan "> Tuff Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火山活動によって地表にもたらされたマグマ起源の岩片よりなる火山性堆積(たいせき)岩。一般に海水や陸水のため破砕、円磨され二次堆積した各種サイズの火山放出物を含めての火山性堆積岩の総称である。略して火砕岩(かさいがん)ともいう。火山砕屑(さいせつ)岩はきわめて多様な火山放出物の集合体であるのが普通であるが、おおよそ50%以上を占めている主要岩片の性状と大きさによって次のように分類される。特定の形態、内部構造を有しないものとしては径32ミリメートル以上の火山岩塊、火山灰よりなる火山角礫(かくれき)岩や凝灰(ぎょうかい)角礫岩、径32以下2ミリメートル以上の火山礫よりなる火山礫凝灰岩、径2ミリメートル以下の火山灰よりなる凝灰岩に分類される。特定の形を示す砕屑岩としては凝灰集塊岩(火山弾が入っている)、スコリア集塊岩、溶岩餅(べい)凝灰(スコリア)集塊岩などがあるが、これらはいずれも火口の周辺に限られて分布する。そのほか、多孔質のものとして軽石凝灰岩、スコリア凝灰岩がある。 これらの火山砕屑岩は、成層状況、粒度分布、岩質をもとにして、空中降下物(粒度が火口からの距離によって規則的に変化する)、陸上運搬物(雑然と堆積)、陸上堆積物、水中堆積物のいずれであるかが検討される。また火砕岩は、火山噴火の際上昇してきたマグマに直接由来するものを本質、同一火山体を構成する岩片よりなるものを類質、基盤岩の岩片よりなるものを異質とよんで区別する。 [矢島敏彦] H.K.凝灰岩。千葉県安房郡鋸南町産©Shogakukan"> 凝灰岩 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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