A force applied to an object from the outside. It is a term mainly used in the fields of material mechanics and structural mechanics, which are engineering fields. It is broadly classified as static load or dynamic load depending on the speed at which it is applied. In either case, a load that is distributed relatively widely over a certain area of an object is called a distributed load, while a load that is concentrated in a small area so that it can be considered as a single point is called a concentrated load. A load that is applied instantaneously, such as when a stationary object is dropped onto another object and suddenly stops, or when two moving objects collide, is called an impact load. A load that is applied in the axial direction of a thin rod and stretches or shrinks the rod is called a tensile load or compressive load. A force that is applied perpendicular to the axis of a rod or the surface of a plate and causes the shaft or plate to bend or shear is called a lateral load. A type of couple that is applied to a rod or plate to bend or twist it is called a bending load or torsion load. When two or more of the above loads are applied at the same time, it is called a combined load. [Hidetaro Nakayama] Static LoadA load that is stationary and does not move at all, such as the action of gravity when a weight is placed on an object, is called a dead load. However, a load that changes very slowly, such as when a rod is grabbed at both ends and pulled to examine the mechanical properties of a material, has the same effect on the material as a dead load, so both types of load are called static loads. In addition, when performing compression tests, bending tests, torsion tests, etc. on materials, a slowly changing load, i.e. a static load, is applied to examine the properties of the material. [Hidetaro Nakayama] Dynamic LoadLoads that are applied while moving are collectively called dynamic loads. There are many types of dynamic loads, and they have various names. For example, each component that makes up a bridge is subjected to a dead load due to its own weight, but when a person or a car crosses the bridge, the static load from them is applied while moving across the bridge, and this is called a moving load. A crankshaft or the axle that supports the wheels of a train is continuously subjected to a load of almost the same magnitude while rotating. This is called a repeated load. A load that is repeatedly applied in only one direction is called a pulsating load, and a load that is repeatedly subjected to tension and compression is called a reciprocating load. When an irregular load is applied continuously, it is called a fluctuating load. [Hidetaro Nakayama] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体に外部から加えられる力のこと。工学の一分野である材料力学、構造力学においておもに使用される術語である。荷重に加わる速度によって静荷重、動荷重に大別される。いずれの場合も物体のある範囲にわたって比較的広く分布して加わっている荷重を分布荷重といい、ほとんど1点とみなされるように狭い範囲に集中して加わっている荷重を集中荷重という。また静止している物体に他の物体が落下して急に止まったときとか、動いている二つの物体が衝突したときのように瞬間的に加わる荷重を衝撃荷重という。 細長い棒の軸線方向に力が加わってその棒を引き伸ばしたり縮めたりする荷重を引張り荷重、圧縮荷重という。また棒の軸線あるいは板の面に垂直方向に力が加わり軸や板に曲げ作用あるいはずり切るような剪断(せんだん)作用を与えるものを横荷重という。棒や板を曲げたりねじったりするように加わる一種の偶力のことを曲げ荷重、ねじり荷重とよんでいる。以上の荷重が同時に二つ以上加わったときには複合荷重という。 [中山秀太郎] 静荷重物体の上におもりをのせたときに加わる重力作用のように、静止していてまったく動かない荷重を死荷重という。しかし、材料試験機で棒の両端をつかみ、引っ張ってその材料の機械的性質を調べるときのように、きわめてゆっくり変化する荷重は、その材料に与える作用は死荷重の場合と同じであるから、この両者を含めて静荷重とよんでいる。このほか、材料の圧縮試験、曲げ試験、ねじり試験などを行う場合にも、ゆっくり変化する荷重すなわち静荷重を与えてその材料の性質を調べる。 [中山秀太郎] 動荷重荷重が動きながら加わるものを動荷重と総称する。動荷重の種類は多く、いろいろの名がつけられている。たとえば橋梁(きょうりょう)を構成する各部材には自重による死荷重が加わっているが、人間あるいは自動車などが橋の上を渡るときには、それらによる静荷重が橋の上を移動しながら加わるので、これを移動荷重という。クランク軸や電車の車輪を支えている車軸などは回転中ほとんど同じ大きさの荷重を連続的に受けている。これを繰返し荷重という。一方向のみの荷重が繰り返し加わるものを片振(かたぶり)荷重、引張り圧縮が繰り返し加わるものを両振(りょうぶり)荷重という。連続的に不規則な荷重が加わるときは変動荷重という。 [中山秀太郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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