Contributory negligence

Japanese: 過失相殺 - かしつそうさい
Contributory negligence

This is a system in which, in cases of default or tort, when the obligee or the injured party is also negligent, the liability for damages or the amount of compensation is determined by taking this into consideration. This contributory negligence system is recognized based on the idea of ​​fairness.

Regarding negligence in contributory negligence, the prevailing view is that mere carelessness is sufficient, without the premise of a duty of care. The effect of contributory negligence differs between breach of contract and tort (Civil Code Articles 418 and 722).

In the case of a breach of contract, not only can the amount be reduced, but the liability for compensation can also be denied (deemed to be non-liable), and the negligence of the obligee must always be taken into consideration (Civil Code Article 418), whereas in the case of a tort, the liability for compensation cannot be denied, and negligence can only be taken into consideration (Civil Code Article 722 Paragraph 2). However, some academic theories try to interpret the two in the same way.

[Takahisa Awaji]

[Reference items] | Negligence | Default | Torts

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

債務不履行や不法行為において、債権者あるいは被害者にも過失がある場合に、これを考慮に入れて賠償責任あるいは賠償額を定める制度をいう。この過失相殺は、公平の観念から認められたものである。

 過失相殺における過失については、注意義務を前提としない、単なる不注意でよいとするのが有力説の見解である。過失相殺の効果については、債務不履行と不法行為では異なる(民法418条・722条)。

 債務不履行では、金額を減ずることができるだけでなく、賠償責任を否定する(賠償責任なしとする)こともでき、また債権者の過失はつねに考慮しなければならない(民法418条)のに対し、不法行為の場合には、賠償責任を否定することはできず、また過失を考慮することができるにとどまる(民法722条2項)。しかし、学説のなかには、両者を同じように解しようとするものもある。

[淡路剛久]

[参照項目] | 過失 | 債務不履行 | 不法行為

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Negligent homicide or injury

>>:  Fault liability principle

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