Kajiko - Kajishi

One of the collected taxes in medieval Japan. A form of land rent. Since the Heian period, a fixed amount of tax of about one tou per dan collected by those with lower-level rights over the land from peasants, in addition to the regular taxes, official goods, and miscellaneous services of the provincial government office and the annual tax and official duties of the manor lord, was generally called kajiko. In advanced regions such as Kinai, the collection of kajiko developed widely from the end of the Kamakura period, and the amount of about six tou per dan became the norm. For this reason, fierce conflicts over kajiko continued in local communities until kajiko was forcibly absorbed into the annual tax system by the land survey policies of the powerful warring lords and Toyotomi government. Regarding the historical lineage of the right to acquire land in the late Middle Ages, there are two theories: one is that it was a transformation of the myoshu-shiki position of a peasant's name, and the other is that it developed from sakute, a lower-class land ownership right established during the Heian period.

[Wataru Yamada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日本中世の収取物の一つ。地代の一形態。平安時代以降、国衙(こくが)の正税(しょうぜい)・官物(かんもつ)・雑役や荘園領主の年貢・公事(くじ)とは別に、その土地に関して下級の権利をもつ者が農民からとった段当り1斗程度の定額の貢租が一般に加地子とよばれた。畿内(きない)などの先進地域では鎌倉時代末期以降、加地子収取関係は広く発達し、その額も段当り6斗程度が一般化した。そのため、強力な権力を背景にした戦国大名や豊臣(とよとみ)政権の検地政策によって加地子が年貢体系に強制的に吸収されるまで、在地社会では加地子をめぐる激しい対立が続いた。なお、中世後期の加地子取得権の歴史的系譜については、百姓名(ひゃくしょうみょう)の名主職(みょうしゅしき)が転化したとする説と、平安時代に成立した下級土地所有権である作手(さくて)から発達したものとする説がある。

［山田　渉］

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