Marlin - billfish (family Marlinidae)

Japanese: カジキ - かじき(英語表記)billfish(マカジキ科)
Marlin - billfish (family Marlinidae)

A general term for marine fishes belonging to the Istiophoridae and Xiphiidae families of the Perciformes class of Osteichthyes. A large pelagic fish found widely in the world's oceans, it is commonly called swordfish, because swordfish and tuna have similar distribution and swimming habits, so they are caught using the same fishing methods, and their meat is similar to that of tuna, so it is used for sashimi and sushi. Tuna belong to the Scombridae family and are distantly related to swordfish in terms of classification.

[Shoji Ueyanagi]

kinds

The swordfish family has one species, Xiphias gladius , which is a common species worldwide. According to Bruce B. Collette (1934- ), a zoologist at the National Museum of Natural History in the United States, and others ( Bulletin of Marine Science , 2006), the sailfish Istiophorus platypterus (those found in the Atlantic Ocean are called the western sailfish) and the blue marlin Makaira nigricans (those found in the Atlantic Ocean are called the western blue marlin) are recognized as common species worldwide. The species found in the Pacific and Indian Oceans include the marlin Kajikia audax , the spotted marlin Tetrapturus angustirostris , and the white marlin I. indica . The closely related species found in the Atlantic Ocean are the western marlin K. albidus and the long-legged marlin T. pfluegeri . The Mediterranean seaweed is home to T. belone .

[Shoji Kamiyanagi, Mimoto Ogura]

form

The body is long, and while the small species, the spear marlin, can weigh up to 50 kilograms, the larger species, the blue marlin and white marlin, can reach 500 kilograms. The swordfish has a cylindrical body shape, while fish in the Marlinidae family are laterally flattened, with some variation. A long, protruding upper jaw is characteristic of billfish, which in the Marlinidae family is conical and spear-shaped, while in the swordfish it is flattened and double-edged, from which the English name swordfish comes. In the Marlinidae family, the well-developed first dorsal fin and anal fin can be folded into a groove at their base. The pelvic fin is a degenerate type that extends like a thread. The caudal fin is strong and large, and forked. The scales are long and thin, and are embedded in the skin. The shape of the vertebrae is unique, with the front and rear vertebrae firmly connected by processes, the neural spines and vascular spines developed into plates, and the entire vertebrae forming a single plate-like spring-like structure. The swim bladder is divided into many small chambers, with large bubbles running throughout the long abdominal cavity. These forms are suitable for swordfish that live in the ocean's surface layer and swim at high speeds and jump above the surface. The body color is typical of surface-swimming fish, with a blackish blue dorsal and a silvery white ventral surface, but in the blue marlin, the ventral surface is slightly brown. There are a dozen or so horizontal stripes on the sides of the body, and in the marlin, the cobalt-colored horizontal stripes are particularly vivid. The body color of the mid-water swimming swordfish is brown overall, with blackish brown fins. The first dorsal fin of the sailfish is developed and is as large as a banana leaf. Swordfish undergo significant morphological changes throughout their development, and the morphology of juvenile fish is often significantly different from that of adults.

[Shoji Ueyanagi]

Distribution and ecology

They live on the ocean's surface (mostly at depths of less than 100 meters). They sometimes swim with their tail and dorsal fins above the water's surface, and they have also been known to leap into the air. All species of marlin spawn in tropical and subtropical waters where the water is warm. The blue marlin and white marlin are tropical, with the blue marlin found mainly in the central part of the ocean and the white marlin in coastal waters with well-developed continental shelves. The sailfish is also coastal, and is often found in the Kuroshio Current basin near Japan. The Japanese marlin and the spear marlin are pelagic, with distributions ranging from the subtropics to temperate zones. Swordfish live in cooler waters than the marlin family. In this way, the vast ocean is divided into different habitats for each species of marlin.

There is a significant difference in size between males and females of blue marlin and white marlin, with males being smaller and few weighing more than 100 kilograms. In both species, the sex ratio during the spawning season and in the spawning areas is several times that of females. Marlins spawn in the surface layer, and their eggs are about 1 millimeter in diameter, with one fish laying 1 to 10 million eggs. In the larval and juvenile stages, they feed on tiny plankton, but marlins do not have gill rakers (organs that filter out food), and they become piscivorous from the juvenile stage, and as they grow, they take on larger prey. The marlin's characteristic long snout is used to pierce prey, and it is also known to dive into schools of small fish, knock them down with its snout, and then prey on the weakened prey.

[Shoji Ueyanagi]

Fisheries and Utilization

The most widely used fishing method is tuna longline fishing, with marlin caught together with tuna. Fishing grounds are spread across the temperate zone (marlin and swordfish), tropical zone (blue marlin) and coastal zone (white marlin and sailfish) of the world's oceans. Sailfish are also caught in fixed nets along the coast. Taking advantage of the marlin's tendency to swim at the surface, harpoon fishing (a fishing method in which a harpoon is attached to the end of a pole attached to a rope and cast) has long been practiced in coastal waters, and in offshore waters within each country's exclusive economic zone, they are also caught using drift net fishing (nets cast at night).

Japan's annual marlin catch is around 20,000 tons (22,000 tons in 2011), and has been declining in the long term. Until the mid-1970s, it accounted for more than half of the world's catch, but due to increased catches in Taiwan, Spain, and other countries, its share of the total is now less than 10%. Marlin and swordfish are used as sashimi and fillets, and are enjoyed as sushi in Japan. Sport fishing for marlin species is popular in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries.

[Shoji Kamiyanagi, Mimoto Ogura]

Food

As the texture of the flesh is similar to that of tuna, it is often used as a substitute for tuna. The taste varies greatly depending on the type, with marlin being the best, followed by sailfin marlin and swordfish being the worst. Like tuna, it is often used as sashimi, but compared to tuna, it is lighter in color and has less fat. As a result, it has a less rich flavor than tuna. As a raw food, it is used as a topping for sushi, and in Japanese cuisine it is used in miso-marinated, teriyaki, tsukeyaki and hotpot dishes, and in Western cuisine it is used in butter-grilled and meunière dishes. As a processed product, it is used in kamaboko and other paste products, and as an ingredient in fish sausages. Nutritionally, along with tuna, it is one of the fish that is high in protein.

[Tomomi Kono and Midori Otaki]

“Collette, BB, JR McDowell, and JE GravesPhylogeny of recent billfishes(Xiphioidei) (in Bulletin of Marine Science 79 : 455-468, 2006, University of Miami)”

[References] | Blue marlin | White marlin | Sailfish | Spear marlin | Marlin | Tuna | Swordfish

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

硬骨魚綱スズキ目マカジキ科Istiophoridaeとメカジキ科Xiphiidaeに属する海水魚の総称。世界の海洋に広く分布する外洋性の大形魚で、俗にカジキマグロともよばれるが、それは、カジキ類がマグロ類と分布や遊泳の生態が似ているため同じ漁法でとられ、また肉質もマグロに似ていて刺身やすしなどに利用されることによる。マグロ類はサバ科に属し、カジキ類とは分類上遠縁の魚である。

[上柳昭治]

種類

メカジキ科にはメカジキXiphias gladius1種が知られており、世界共通種である。アメリカ国立自然史博物館の動物学者ブルース・コレットBruce B. Collette(1934― )ら(Bulletin of Marine Science, 2006)に従えば、マカジキ科では、バショウカジキ(大西洋に分布するものはニシバショウカジキと呼称されている)Istiophorus platypterusと、クロカジキ(大西洋に分布するものはニシクロカジキと呼称されている)Makaira nigricansが世界共通種と認識されている。太平洋およびインド洋に分布する種類には、マカジキKajikia audax、フウライカジキTetrapturus angustirostris、シロカジキI. indicaがある。大西洋にはこれらの近縁種であるニシマカジキK. albidus、クチナガフウライT. pfluegeriが分布する。地中海にはチチュウカイフウライT. beloneが生息する。

[上柳昭治・小倉未基]

形態

体は長大で、小形種のフウライカジキでは体重最大50キログラム程度であるが、大形種のクロカジキやシロカジキでは500キログラムに達する。メカジキの体形は円柱状で、マカジキ科の魚は多少の差はあるが側扁(そくへん)形。上あごが長く突出するのがカジキ類の特徴で、マカジキ科のものでは円錐(えんすい)状で槍(やり)形、メカジキでは縦扁(じゅうへん)して両刃(もろは)の剣状を呈し、英名のswordfishはそれに由来する。マカジキ科では、発達した第1背びれと臀(しり)びれをその基底にある溝に畳み込める。腹びれは糸状に伸びた退化型。尾びれは強靭(きょうじん)で大きく二叉(にさ)している。鱗(うろこ)は細長く、皮膚に埋没している。脊椎(せきつい)骨の形状が特異で、前後の脊椎骨が突起により固く組み合わされ、神経棘(きょく)、血管棘が板状に発達し、脊椎骨全体が一つの板状のばねのような構造となっている。うきぶくろは多くの小室に分かれ、長い腹腔(ふくこう)の全体にわたり大きな泡が連なった形状を示す。これらの形態は、マカジキ科の魚が海洋の表層に生息し、高速で遊泳したり海面上に跳躍するのに適している。体色は、表層遊泳をする魚の典型的な型である背部が黒みがかった濃青色、腹面は銀白色を呈するが、クロカジキでは腹面がやや褐色を帯びている。体側に十数条の横縞(よこじま)模様があり、マカジキではコバルト色の横帯がとくに鮮やかである。中層遊泳型のメカジキの体色は全体が褐色を帯び、ひれも黒褐色を呈する。バショウカジキでは第1背びれが発達してバショウの葉のように大きいのが特徴。カジキ類は個体発生を通じての形態変化が大きく、幼期の形態が成魚のそれと著しく異なる場合が多い。

[上柳昭治]

分布・生態

海洋の表層に生息(水深100メートル以浅に多い)する。ときには水面上に尾びれや背びれを現して遊泳し、また空中に跳躍することも知られている。カジキ類の産卵場はどの種類も水温の高い熱帯、亜熱帯の海域にある。クロカジキ、シロカジキは熱帯性で、クロカジキは大洋の中心部、シロカジキは大陸棚が発達した沿岸水域に分布の中心があり、バショウカジキも沿岸性で日本近海では黒潮流域に多い。マカジキやフウライカジキの仲間は遠洋性で、分布は亜熱帯から温帯域に及んでいる。メカジキはマカジキ科の魚に比べ、それより低水温域に分布する。このように、広い大洋がカジキの各種類によってすみ分けられている。

 クロカジキとシロカジキは雌と雄の大きさに顕著な差があり、雄は小さく体重100キログラムを超えるものはほとんどない。両種とも産卵期・産卵海域で性比が雄は雌の数倍になる。カジキの産卵は表層で行われ、卵は直径約1ミリメートル、1尾の産卵数は100万から1000万の単位である。仔稚魚(しちぎょ)期には微小なプランクトンを餌(えさ)とするが、カジキは鰓耙(さいは)(餌を漉(こ)し取る器官)がなく、稚魚期から魚食性が現れ、成長とともに大形の餌をとる。カジキの特徴である長い吻(ふん)が、餌物(えもの)を突き刺すのに用いられるほか、小魚の群れに突入して吻でなぎ倒し、弱らせた餌物を捕食することが知られている。

[上柳昭治]

漁業・利用

もっとも広く行われている漁法はマグロ延縄(はえなわ)で、カジキはマグロと混獲される。漁場は世界の各大洋の温帯域(マカジキ、メカジキ)、熱帯域(クロカジキ)、沿岸域(シロカジキ、バショウカジキ)に広がる。バショウカジキは沿岸の定置網でも漁獲される。カジキが表層遊泳する性質を利用して、沿岸水域で突ん棒漁業(つきんぼうぎょぎょう)(ロープをつないだ棒の先に銛(もり)をつけて投げる漁法)が古くから行われており、各国の排他的経済水域内の沖合い水域では流し網漁業(夜間に網を入れる)でも漁獲される。

 日本の1年間のカジキ漁獲量は2万トン前後(2011年は2万2000トン)で長期的には減少傾向にある。かつて1970年代なかばまでは世界の漁獲量の半分以上を占めていたが、台湾やスペインなどの漁獲量が増加したため、全体に占める割合は10%を切っている。刺身、切り身として利用され、マカジキやメカジキは日本ですし種(だね)として賞味される。アメリカ、メキシコ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランドなどではカジキ類を対象としたスポーツフィッシングが盛んである。

[上柳昭治・小倉未基]

食品

身の感じがマグロに似ているので、マグロの代用としてよく用いられる。味は種類により大きく異なるが、マカジキがもっともよく、バショウカジキがこれに次ぎ、メカジキがもっとも劣る。マグロと同様、多くが刺身として用いられるが、マグロに比べ色は浅く、脂肪分も少ない。そのため味も、マグロに比べこくがない。なま物としてはすしの種に用いられ、和風料理ではみそ漬け、照焼き、つけ焼き、鍋物に、洋風料理ではバター焼き、ムニエルなどに用いられる。加工品としては、かまぼこなどの練り製品や、魚肉ソーセージの原料として用いられる。栄養的にはマグロとともに、魚のなかではタンパク質が多いほうに属する。

[河野友美・大滝 緑]

『Collette, B. B., J. R. McDowell, and J. E. GravesPhylogeny of recent billfishes(Xiphioidei)(in Bulletin of Marine Science 79 : 455-468, 2006, University of Miami)』

[参照項目] | クロカジキ | シロカジキ | バショウカジキ | フウライカジキ | マカジキ | マグロ | メカジキ

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