Volcanic ash - kazanbai

Japanese: 火山灰 - かざんばい
Volcanic ash - kazanbai

Fine volcanic debris with a diameter of 2 mm or less, released by a volcanic eruption. It was defined by American CK Wentworth and others in 1932. Volcanic ash is sometimes divided into volcanic sand and volcanic ash in the narrow sense, with the Japan Meteorological Agency defining volcanic ash as ash with a diameter of 0.2 mm or less. Some people use the term volcanic dust as a synonym for volcanic ash in the broad sense, while others divide volcanic ash into volcanic ash (diameter 0.2 mm or more) and volcanic dust (diameter less than 0.2 mm). In other words, there is no consensus in academic circles on the distinction between volcanic sand, volcanic ash, and volcanic dust. Volcanic ash can come directly from underground magma, from fragments of rocks that made up the same volcanic body, or from fragments of bedrock unrelated to the volcano. The great eruptions of Mt. Asama in 1783 (Tenmei 3), Mt. Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883, and Mt. Agung in the same country in 1963 are said to have caused or contributed to poor harvests by blowing large amounts of fine volcanic ash and volcanic gas into the stratosphere, blocking out sunlight and lowering the surface temperature. In addition, volcanic ash that accumulates on the mountainside is prone to secondary volcanic mudflows due to heavy rain and melting snow. In Japan, the only eruptions that have killed residents in the foothills since World War II were 12 people killed by rainfall mudflows (3 at Sakurajima and 1 at Mt. Usu). Japan has many explosive eruptions, which often spew volcanic ash, and volcanic ash soil, tuff made from solidified volcanic ash, and Kanto loam are widely distributed. In the Aso region, volcanic ash is called "yona."

[Akira Suwa]

[Reference] | Volcano
Schematic diagram of the structure and morphology of a volcano
©Masazumi Fujita ">

Schematic diagram of the structure and morphology of a volcano


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

火山爆発で放出された、直径2ミリメートル以下の細粒の火山砕屑物(さいせつぶつ)。1932年にアメリカのウェントワースC. K. Wentworthらが定義した。火山灰を火山砂(さ)と狭義の火山灰に細分することがあり、気象庁は直径0.2ミリメートル以下を火山灰としている。また、広義の火山灰の同義語として火山塵(じん)の語を使う人や、火山灰を火山灰(直径0.2ミリメートル以上)と火山塵(直径0.2ミリメートル未満)に細分する人もいる。つまり、火山砂、火山灰、火山塵の使い分けは学界でも一定していない。火山灰には、地下のマグマに直接由来したもの、同じ火山体を構成していた岩石の砕片、さらに、その火山とは無縁の基盤岩の砕片などがある。1783年(天明3)の浅間山、1883年のインドネシアのクラカタウ火山、1963年の同国のアグン火山などの大爆発は、多量の微細な火山灰や火山ガスが成層圏まで吹き上げられて日射を遮り、地表の気温を低下させて、凶作を発生ないし助長したとされている。また、山腹に堆積(たいせき)した火山灰は、大雨や融雪などで二次的な火山泥流を生じやすい。日本では第二次世界大戦後、噴火で山麓(さんろく)の住民が死亡したのは、この降雨泥流による12人(桜島3件、有珠山(うすざん)1件)だけである。日本では爆発型噴火が多く、火山灰がよく噴出され、火山灰土や、火山灰が固結した凝灰岩や関東ロームなども広く分布している。なお、阿蘇(あそ)地方では火山灰を「よな」とよぶ。

[諏訪 彰]

[参照項目] | 火山
火山の構造模式図と形態
©藤田正純">

火山の構造模式図と形態


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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