Kazan'

Japanese: カザン（英語表記）Kazan'

It is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in western Russia. It is located on the left bank of an artificial lake created in the middle Volga River, at the inflow point of the Kazanka River. It was built by the Tatars at the end of the 13th century on the Kazanka River about 45 km upstream, but moved to its current location at the end of the 14th century and became the capital of the Kazan Khanate that was established later, prospering through commerce and trade. It was captured by Ivan IV (the Terrible) in 1552 and annexed by Russia. As the development of Siberia began, its importance as a trading center connecting the east and west increased, and before the railway was opened, it was the number one commercial and cultural center east of Moscow. Light industry also developed in the 19th century. It became the capital of the Tatar Autonomous Republic when it was established in 1920, and developed due to its advantageous location in terms of transportation, and is now the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan and an important industrial city in the Volga River basin. The main industries are traditional soap, leather and shoemaking, flax weaving, fur processing, as well as machinery (compressors, machine tools), chemicals (synthetic rubber, plastics, organic compounds), and printing. It is a major cultural center in Russia and Tatarstan, and is home to Kazan University (1804), where Lenin and Tolstoy studied, as well as universities of agriculture, music, and chemistry, the Academy of Sciences, an opera and ballet theater, a symphony orchestra, and a museum. The city stretches about 25 km from north to south, and was previously separated from the Volga River by a floodplain, but since the completion of the artificial lake, the river water has approached the city, and the lowlands are now protected from flooding by high embankments. Buildings preserved within the city include the Kremlin (fortress, 16th-17th century) and the Peter and Paul Cathedral (18th century). It is an important river port on the Volga River, as well as a key location for rail transport, and has an airport. Population: 1,143,546 (2010).

Kazan
Kazan, Elia

Born: September 7, 1909 in Istanbul
[Died] September 28, 2003. New York, New York. Greek-American stage director and film director. He moved to the United States with his family when he was four years old, and studied at Yale University. He performed as an actor at the Group Theater and other venues from 1932 to 1939. He became active as a stage director and film director in the 1940s. In 1947, he founded the Actors Studio with Robert Lewis and others. From 1962 to 1965, he participated in the direction of the Repertory Theater at Lincoln Center in New York, and created plays that were realistic yet depicted tense inner lives, based on a method influenced by the Stanislavski system. His representative works include T. Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Cat on a Tin Roof (1955), and A. Miller's Death of a Salesman (1949). He won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director for Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and On the Waterfront (1954), respectively, and also produced East of Eden (1955), Baby Doll (1956), Splendor on the Plains (1961), and America, America (1964), a film adaptation of his own autobiographical novel. In 1952, during the McCarthyist era, he revealed his history of membership in the Communist Party and the names of party members, and was subsequently subjected to criticism. In 1999, he received an Honorary Academy Award.

Kazan
Cazin, Jean Charles

[Born] 1841
[Died] 1901
French painter, copperplate engraver, and ceramist. In 1868 he became director of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1871 he went to England, where he designed for Fulham Pottery and also studied and imitated Japanese pottery. His major works include the landscape paintings "Memorial of Fate" and "End of the Journey," as well as religious works.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ロシア西部，タタルスタン共和国の首都。ボルガ川中流部につくられた人造湖の左岸，カザンカ川の流入点にある。 13世紀末タタール人により約 45km上流のカザンカ川沿岸に建設されたが，14世紀末に現在地に移り，やがて成立したカザン・ハン国の首都となって，商業，交易で栄えた。 1552年イワン4世 (雷帝) に攻略され，ロシアに併合された。シベリア開発が始ると東西を結ぶ市の交易中心地としての重要性が高まり，鉄道開通前はモスクワ以東第1の商業・文化中心地であった。 19世紀には軽工業も発展してきた。 1920年タタール自治共和国が成立してその首都となり，交通上有利な位置にあることから発展し，現在タタルスタン共和国の首都としてボルガ川流域の重要な工業都市となっている。主要工業は古くからの石鹸，皮革・製靴，アマ織物，毛皮加工などのほか，機械 (コンプレッサ，工作機械) ，化学 (合成ゴム，プラスチック，有機合成品) ，印刷などである。ロシアの，またタタルスタンの大文化中心地で，レーニンやトルストイの学んだカザン大学 (1804) をはじめ，農業，音楽，化学などの大学，科学アカデミー，オペラやバレエの劇場，交響楽団，博物館などがある。市街は南北約 25kmにわたって延び，以前は氾濫原によってボルガ川からへだてられていたが，人造湖の完成に伴い河水が市街まで迫ったため，低地は高い堤防で浸水から守られている。市内にはクレムリン (城砦，16～17世紀) ，ペテロパブロフスキー大聖堂 (18世紀) などの建築物が保存されている。ボルガ川の重要な河港であるとともに，鉄道交通の要地で，空港もある。人口 114万3546（2010）。

カザン
Kazan， Elia

[生]1909.9.7. イスタンブール
[没]2003.9.28. ニューヨーク，ニューヨーク
ギリシア系アメリカ人の演出家，映画監督。4歳のときに一家でアメリカに移住，エール大学に学ぶ。 1932～39年グループ・シアターなどで俳優として舞台に立つ。 1940年代から演出家，映画監督として活躍。 1947年ロバート・ルイスらとアクターズ・スタジオを設立。 1962～65年ニューヨークのリンカーン・センターにあるレパートリー劇場の演出に参加，スタニスラフスキー・システムの影響を受けたメソッドに基づき，写実的でありかつ張りつめた内面を描写する舞台を手がけた。代表的演出作品は，T. ウィリアムズの『欲望という名の電車』 (1947) ，『やけたトタン屋根の上の猫』 (1955) ，A.ミラーの『セールスマンの死』 (1949) など。映画では『紳士協定』 (1947) と『波止場』 (1954) でアカデミー作品賞，監督賞をそれぞれ受賞，このほか『エデンの東』 (1955) ，『ベビー・ドール』 (1956) ，『草原の輝き』 (1961) ，自伝的小説をみずから映画化した『アメリカ，アメリカ』 (1964) などを世に送った。マッカーシズムの時代の 1952年みずからの共産党入党歴と党員の名を明かし，以降非難にさらされた。 1999年アカデミー名誉賞を受賞。