Appalachian landforms

Japanese: アパラチア式地形 - あぱらちあしきちけい

...a narrow, low-lying area between mountains or hills. Although it is a term for mountains and ridges, mountains and valleys are one continuous landform, and the boundary between mountains and valleys is generally not clear, as the slope of a mountainside can be seen as a valley wall from another perspective. In the case of ridges and valleys, the boundary between the two is also gradual. In humid regions, rivers flow at the bottom of the valley. A valley without water is called a dry valley. The origin of valleys has been a subject of debate since ancient Greek times. Even in the 18th century, the mistaken belief that valleys were suddenly formed by natural disasters was still deeply rooted, but Leonardo da Vinci had the accurate insight that valleys were the result of erosion by water over many years.

From [Terrain]

...the shape of the Earth's surface. Geomorphology has traditionally focused on the shape of land above sea level, that is, land masses, but in recent years, knowledge of the topography of the ocean floor has increased, and geomorphology has had to be expanded to include these as well. As details of the topography of solid-surface celestial bodies such as the Moon, Mars, and Venus have become known through satellite exploration, knowledge of geomorphology has been used to attempt to provide appropriate interpretations of these as well.
[Scale of terrain]
Although understanding of topography is usually achieved through observation and life experiences, a broad and objective view requires topographical maps of various scales, space images, aerial photographs, etc.

*Some of the terminology that refers to the "Appalachian landform" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…山や丘の間にはさまれた細長い低地。山や尾根に対する語であるが，山と谷とはひとつづきの地形で，山腹斜面は見方を変えれば谷壁斜面といえるように，山と谷との境は一般にはっきりしない。尾根と谷の場合も両者の境は漸移的である。湿潤地域では谷底を川が流れる。水が流れていない谷を涸谷（かれだに）という。谷の成因については古くギリシア時代から議論の的となった。18世紀にもまだ，谷が天変地異によって突然形成されたものであるという誤った認識が根強く残っていたが，レオナルド･ダ･ビンチはさすがに谷が水流の長年にわたる浸食の結果であるという正確な洞察をもっていた。…

【地形】より

…地球表面の形態をいう。地形学geomorphology(〈土地の形態学〉の意)は，海面上の土地すなわち陸地の形を研究対象として扱ってきたが，最近は海底の地形の知識が増してきたため，これらを含めて対象とせざるをえない状況にある。月や火星，金星など固体の表面をもつ天体の地形の細部が，人工衛星の探査の結果知られるにつれて，地形学の知識により，これらについても適当な解釈が試みられるようになった。
［地形の規模］
　地形の把握は観察や生活体験から得られるのが普通であるが，広く客観的にみるには各種縮尺の地形図，宇宙画像，空中写真等が必要となる。…

※「アパラチア式地形」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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