When pressure is applied uniformly from all sides to an object, its volume decreases. This property is called compressibility, and the ease with which a substance's volume changes due to compression is expressed as the compressibility ratio. In other words, if pressure p is applied to an object with volume v, and the volume decreases by Δ v, then the compressibility ratio β is: The reciprocal of the compression ratio (v・p/ Δv ) is called the bulk modulus. Bulk modulus is a type of elastic modulus. When an object is surrounded by heat-impermeable walls and compressed, the temperature of the object usually rises. For example, compressing the air inside a bicycle pump increases the temperature. The compression ratio in this case is called the adiabatic compression ratio. In contrast, the compression ratio when an object is compressed to improve heat transfer between the object and its surroundings and keep the temperature constant is called the isothermal compression ratio. In general, the isothermal compression ratio is greater than the adiabatic compression ratio. Sound waves can travel through materials because the material is compressible, and the compression ratio in this case is called the adiabatic compression ratio. [Wada Yatsumi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物体に四方八方から一様に圧力を加えると、その体積が減少する。この性質を圧縮性といい、圧縮による物質の体積変化のしやすさを圧縮率で表す。すなわち、体積vの物体に圧力pを加えたとき、体積がΔvだけ減少するとすれば、圧縮率βは、 また圧縮率の逆数(v・p/Δv)を体積弾性率という。体積弾性率は弾性率の1種類である。物体を熱を通さない壁で囲んで圧縮すると、通常、物体の温度は上昇する。たとえば自転車ポンプで中の空気を圧縮すると温度が高くなる。このときの圧縮率を断熱圧縮率という。これに対し物体と周りとの熱の伝達をよくし、温度が一定に保たれるよう圧縮したときの圧縮率を等温圧縮率という。一般に等温圧縮率は断熱圧縮率より大きい。物質中を音波が伝わるのは物質が圧縮性をもっているためで、このときの圧縮率は断熱圧縮率である。 [和田八三久] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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