A hot, fluid layer in the upper mantle region of the Earth's interior. It is also called the asthenosphere. It is covered with a hard layer of the lithosphere (plates) consisting of the crust and the uppermost mantle, and extends from about 100 to 660 km below the Earth's surface. It is thought that heat from the Earth's depths increases the fluidity of the asthenosphere, lubricating the underside of the plates and making them easier to move. Convection of mantle material generated within the asthenosphere not only pushes underground magma up near the craters of volcanoes, but also creates new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, which are plate divergence boundaries (spreading boundaries). According to the theory of plate tectonics, the asthenosphere is thought to be a storage area for parts of the old, dense lithosphere that have been dragged down by the subduction zone of plates. The existence of the asthenosphere became clear when a low-velocity layer in the upper mantle was discovered, where the speed of seismic waves slows down. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
地球内部の上部マントルの領域にある,高温で流動しやすい層。岩流圏ともいう。地殻と最上部マントルからなる硬い層リソスフェア(プレート)を載せて,地表から約 100~660kmの深さに広がる。地球深部からの熱がアセノスフェアの流動性を高め,プレートの下面を潤滑にして移動しやすくしていると考えられている。アセノスフェア内で発生したマントル物質の対流は,地下のマグマを火山の火口付近に押し上げる力となるほか,プレート発散境界(拡大境界)にあたる中央海嶺では新しい海洋地殻をつくりだす。プレートテクトニクスの理論によれば,アセノスフェアはプレートの沈み込み帯で引きずりおろされた,古くて密度の大きいリソスフェアの一部が貯蔵されている場所と考えられている。アセノスフェアの存在は上部マントルに地震波の速度が遅くなる低速度層の発見により明らかになった。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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