A section of a glacier that flows down steeply like a waterfall. It is also called an icefall. It occurs in places where the bedrock of the glacier bed has a steep, stepped topography, such as the end of Karl (German). Glaciers break under strong tension and create numerous crevasses. Blocks of ice surrounded by crevasses running vertically and horizontally have the shape of huge pillars or towers, and are called seracs (French). Seracs are extremely unstable and collapse as the glacier flows, so icefalls that create serac zones often become obstacles for mountaineers. On the downstream side of an icefall, a regular horizontal stripe pattern called an ogive, with the convex surface facing downstream, can form on the glacier surface. Ice that passes through the icefall in winter is white, but ice that passes through in summer is blue because it melts and freezes repeatedly. The ogives appear to have formed as a result of these glacial flows, and their spacing (50-200 metres) corresponds to the distance the glacier flows in a year. [Yugo Ono] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
氷河が滝のように急な傾斜で流下する部分のこと。氷瀑(ひょうばく)ともいう。カールKar(ドイツ語)の末端部など、氷河底の基盤岩に急傾斜の階段状地形がある場所で生じる。氷河は強い伸長応力を受けて割れ、多数のクレバスcrevassesをつくる。縦横に走るクレバスに囲まれた氷の塊は巨大な柱や塔のような形状を示し、セラックsérac(フランス語)とよばれる。セラックはきわめて不安定で、氷河の流動に伴って崩壊するので、セラック帯をつくるアイスフォールは、登山上の障害となることが多い。アイスフォールの下流側には、下流側に凸面を向けたオーギブ(オージャイブ)ogiveとよばれる規則的な横縞(よこじま)模様が氷河表面にできることがある。冬にアイスフォールを通過した氷は白いが、夏に通過した氷は融解と凍結とを繰り返すので青い氷となる。オーギブはこうした氷河の流動から生じた模様で、オーギブの間隔(50~200メートル)は、氷河が1年間に流動する距離に相当する。 [小野有五] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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