Hedonism

Japanese: 快楽主義 - かいらくしゅぎ（英語表記）hedonism

A theory that takes pleasure (hēdonē) as a marker of action. A form of hedonism. The Cyrene school, especially Aristippus, considered only momentary pleasure to be good, and that happiness resides in collecting as much pleasure as possible. In contrast, Epicurus denied such sensual and momentary pleasure, and preached ataraksia, stating that the highest good, pleasure, must be lasting and therefore spiritual, and recognized a qualitative distinction between pleasures. The public's misunderstanding of Epicurus, who lived an almost ascetic life, is a typical example of the prejudice against hedonism. These two ancient schools are typical of hedonism, but in modern times Bentham introduced a social perspective to it. Based on utilitarianism, he advocated a calculation of pleasure based on the quantitative difference in pleasure, and argued for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The pursuit of material pleasures leads to many difficulties and increases pain. Therefore, the idea that the renunciation of pleasure is the path to pleasure arises, which is called the hedonistic paradox. In the field of aesthetics, the theory that aesthetic pleasure is an essential element of beauty is called aesthetic hedonism. (→ Epicureanism)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

行為の標識として快楽 hēdonēをとる理論。幸福主義の一形態。キュレネ学派，なかんずくアリスチッポスは瞬間的快楽のみを善とし，可能なかぎり多くの快楽を集めることに幸福が存するとした。これに反しエピクロスは，そうした感覚的，瞬間的快楽を否定し，至高善たる快は持続的な，したがって精神的なものでなくてはならないとしてアタラクシアを説き，快楽に質的区別を認めた。ほとんど禁欲的な生活をおくったエピクロスへの世人の誤解は，快楽主義への偏見の典型である。古代のこの2学派は快楽主義の2つの典型であるが，近代にいたってベンサムはそこに社会的観点を導入した。彼は功利主義に立って，快楽の量的差に基づく快楽計算を提唱，最大多数の最大幸福を主張した。なお，物質的快楽の追求は多くの困難に遭遇することになり，苦痛を増す。それゆえ快楽の放棄こそ快楽への道であるという考えが生れるが，これを快楽主義的逆説と呼ぶ。また美学の領域では，美的快楽を美の本質的要素とする説を美的快楽主義と呼ぶ。 (→エピクロス主義 )

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