Marine observation satellite

Japanese: 海洋観測衛星 - かいようかんそくえいせい(英語表記)marine observation satellite
Marine observation satellite
The first artificial satellite, GEOS-3, launched by the United States in 1975, was primarily intended for remote sensing of the oceans. Observing ocean phenomena on an oceanic scale in a short period of time was impossible using conventional observation vessels, but artificial satellites can observe the ocean surface globally, although they cannot see the state of the ocean interior. SEASAT-1, launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in June 1978, broke down after just over three months, but provided a wealth of valuable data. The onboard instruments are: (1) radar altimeter: uses microwaves to observe the unevenness of the sea surface and estimates the geostrophic current, geoid, and significant wave height of the sea surface; (2) microwave scatterometer: has a resolution of about 50 km width and measures the roughness of the sea surface and estimates the wind speed on the sea surface; (3) synthetic aperture radar: measures swell, internal waves, tide lines, and iceberg movement; (4) scanning multi-channel microwave radiometer: measures five frequencies of microwave radiation coming from the sea surface and estimates sea surface temperature, sea surface wind speed, water vapor amount, and the size of the sea area with heavy rainfall; (5) visible infrared radiometer: takes images in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges and estimates sea surface temperature. GEOSAT, which was equipped with a radar altimeter, was launched in 1985, and in 1990, the comprehensive satellite NROSS and TOPEX, which was mainly equipped with a radar altimeter, were launched.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
海洋のリモートセンシングを主な目的とした人工衛星で,1975年にアメリカが打ち上げた GEOS-3が最初。海洋の現象を短期間に大洋規模で観測することは,従来の観測船による方法では不可能であったが,人工衛星では海洋内部の状態を見ることはできないが,全地球的海洋表面観測が可能となる。 78年6月にアメリカ航空宇宙局が打ち上げた SEASAT-1はわずか3ヵ月余で故障したが,多くの貴重な資料を提供してくれた。搭載された測器は,(1) レーダ高度計:マイクロ波を使用し,海面の凹凸を観測し,海面の地衡流,ジオイド,有義波高を推定,(2) マイクロ波散乱計:約 50km幅の分解能を持ち,海面粗度を測定,さらに海上の風速を推定,(3) 合成開口レーダ:うねり,内部波,潮目や氷山の移動を測定,(4) 走査型多チャンネルマイクロ波放射計:海面からくるマイクロ波帯域の放射の5つの周波数について測定し,海面水温,海上風速,水蒸気量,降雨強域海水域の広さを推定,(5) 可視赤外放射計:可視波長域と赤外波長域を撮像し,海面水温を推定,である。 85年レーダ高度計を積んだ GEOSATを打ち上げたが,90年には総合的な衛星 NROSSやレーダ高度計が主体の TOPEXが打ち上げられた。

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