Turning

Japanese: Turnen

…It was in the first half of the 19th century that a manual for girls' physical education was published. Following on from citizen physical education, in the 19th century, "national physical education" was formed, each with its own name, purpose, system, and organization, such as sport in England, Turnen in Germany, Gymnastik in Northern Europe, and Sokol in Eastern Europe. Modern school physical education around the world was formed and launched based on this. …

From [Gymnastics]

…At this time, neither free nor mechanical gymnastics had been considered, and gymnastics was considered to be any physical exercise in the broad sense, including sensory training such as vision and hearing. Mechanical gymnastics, which developed into today's gymnastics competition, was invented by FL Jahn, who changed the term gymnastics from Gymnastik to Turnen and used it to mean the education of young people to build a unified German state. Therefore, the content of gymnastics included not only mechanical gymnastics and marching aimed at mastering athletic skills and training the will, but also folk dancing and political debates, which were quite different from today's concept of gymnastics. …

From German Gymnastics

…(2) Means gymnastics practiced in Germany. Gymnastics has been called gymnastics in English since ancient Greece, but the gymnastics practiced in Germany since the 19th century was called Turnen. This was a youth education activity centered on physical exercise that was started by FL Jahn as part of the liberation movement in Germany under Napoleon's rule. …

From [Yarn]

…Founder of Turnen (German gymnastics). While studying theology at universities around the country, he criticized bad habits such as dueling among people from the same hometown that were rampant at universities. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Turnen" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…女子の体育指導書が出るのは19世紀の前半であった。市民体育をうけて，19世紀に入るとイギリスのスポーツsport，ドイツのトゥルネンTurnen，北欧のギムナスティークGymnastik，東欧のソコルsokolなどという各国独自の名まえや目的や体系や活動組織をもった〈国民体育〉が形成された。世界の近代的な学校体育はこれをもとに形成され発足した。…

【体操】より

…この時点ではまだ徒手体操も器械体操も考えられておらず，視覚や聴覚などの感覚訓練をも含む広義の身体運動を体操と考えていた。今日の体操競技に発展した器械体操は，F.L.ヤーンによって考案されたものであるが，彼は体操ということばをギムナスティクGymnastikからトゥルネンTurnenに改め，統一ドイツ国家を建設するための青少年教育の意味で用いた。したがって，その内容には運動技術の習熟や意思の鍛錬を目的にした器械体操や行軍ばかりでなく，フォークダンスや政治討論集会なども含まれており，今日の体操の概念とはかなり異質なものを含んでいた。…