A type of aircraft that is heavier than air and can fly by using the lift generated by its wings, and that obtains all or most of the lift required for flight from rotors. It is a classification term used in contrast to aerobatic aircraft (fixed-wing aircraft) that obtains lift from fixed wings. Currently, helicopters are the most representative and by far the most numerous rotorcraft, but there are also autogyros (gyroplanes, which use power to start the rotors but cut off the power during flight and use the aerodynamic properties of the wings to allow them to rotate freely), gyrodynes (which combine the characteristics of both helicopters and autogyros), convertible planes, and compound helicopters (compound helicopters with a forward engine and fixed wings). Because the principle behind rotorcraft is simple, the idea is older than that of fixed-wing aircraft, with sketches of one already remaining in Leonardo da Vinci's many inventions around 1490. However, there were many technical challenges, and practical application of rotorcraft lagged behind airplanes. It was not until the second half of the 1950s, when gas turbine engines came into use, that helicopters became as practical as fixed-wing aircraft. [Kazuo Ochiai] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
航空機のうちの重航空機(空気より重く、翼に生ずる揚力によって空中に浮かぶ航空機)で、回転翼により飛行に必要な揚力の全部、またはその大部分を得ているもの。固定した翼によって揚力を得ている重航空機(固定翼航空機)に対して用いる航空機の分類上の用語である。現在、回転翼航空機としては、ヘリコプターが代表的で数も圧倒的に多いが、ほかにオートジャイロ(ジャイロプレーン。回転翼を始動するときには動力を用いるが、飛行中は動力を切り放し、翼の空気力学的特性を利用して自由回転させる)、ジャイロダイン(ヘリコプターとオートジャイロの両方の特徴を兼ね備えるもの)、コンバーチブルプレーン(転換式航空機)、コンパウンドヘリコプター(前進用のエンジンと固定翼を備えた複合ヘリコプター)などがある。 回転翼航空機は原理が簡単なため、発想は固定翼航空機より古く、1490年ごろレオナルド・ダ・ビンチの数々の発明のなかに、すでにそのスケッチが残されている。しかし、技術的に難問が多く、実用化は飛行機に遅れをとった。ヘリコプターが固定翼航空機なみの実用性を得たのは、1950年代の後半で、ガスタービンエンジンが使用されるようになってからである。 [落合一夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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