Marine sediments - marine sediments

Japanese: 海底堆積物 - かいていたいせきぶつ
Marine sediments - marine sediments

Sediments transported and deposited by seawater. There are various classification methods depending on the criteria used. Sediments carried in from rivers are suspended or dissolved in seawater, or move across the seafloor. As an indicator of this seawater flow, they can be classified by particle size. In this case, they can be divided into gravel, sand, and mud (silt and clay). If they are classified by the environment of formation, they can be coastal, near-shore, hemipelagic, or pelagic. If they are classified by water depth, they can be beach, shallow sea, mesopelagic, or deep sea deposits. If the origin of the sediment particles is used as a criterion, they can be classified into lithospheric, biospheric, hydrospheric, and cosmic deposits. Combining these, they can be divided into terrestrial sediments (gravel, sand, mud, blue mud, red mud, green mud, turbidites, glacial deposits, pelagic clays), chemical sediments (manganese nodules, phosphate nodules, paragonite, phillipite, barite, etc.), and biogenic sediments such as calcareous sediments (foraminiferal ooze, pteropod ooze, coccolith ooze, coral sediments, etc.) and siliceous sediments (radiolarian ooze, diatom ooze).

Depending on the transport route or formation process, they can be classified into indicators such as rivers, ocean currents, wind, glaciers, icebergs, turbidity currents, biological remains, inorganic sedimentation, and weathering. Generally speaking, terrestrial clastics, volcanic deposits, and coral deposits are abundant on the continental shelf, while turbidites are abundant on the continental slope and offshore. Plankton remains (foraminiferal ooze, coccolith ooze, diatom ooze), seawater sediments (manganese nodules), aeolian deposits (pelagic clays), and weathered materials of the seafloor are abundant on the ocean floor. The rate of sedimentation on the ocean floor is extremely slow, and by collecting these without disturbing the layers, it is possible to learn about the depositional environment going back in time. Jurassic sediments (162 million years ago) have been obtained off the coast of the Bahamas in the North Atlantic Ocean through deep sea drilling.

The age of sediments can be determined by radioisotope, paleomagnetic, volcanic ash layers, and biostratigraphy (a combination of species changes such as radiolaria, diatoms, coccoliths, and foraminifera), and these methods can also be used to estimate past climate changes, ocean current changes, and plate movements. Recently, the existence of sedimentary gaps in deep-sea sediments has become an issue. The cause has not been clarified, but there is a bottom current theory that explains the distribution of sedimentary gaps by changes in the distribution of water and land due to plate movements and changes in the flow path of Antarctic bottom water. It has also been suggested that the absence of sedimentation may be due to mesoscale eddies that occur on the western side of the ocean, similar to typhoons and cyclones in the atmosphere.

[Tsutoshi Sato]

[Reference] | Seafloor
Distribution of marine sediments near Japan
©Shogakukan ">

Distribution of marine sediments near Japan


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海水により運搬され沈積した堆積物。何を基準にとるかにより多様な分類法がある。河川から搬入された堆積物は、海水に懸濁し溶解し、あるいは海底を移動する。この海水流動の指標として、粒子の大きさによる分類がある。この場合は礫(れき)、砂、泥(シルトと粘土)に分けられる。生成環境を陸からの距離で分けると、沿岸・近海・半遠洋・遠洋堆積物となる。水深で分けると、海浜・浅海・中深海・深海堆積物となる。堆積物粒子の起源を基準とすれば、岩圏起源・生物圏起源・水圏起源・宇宙起源堆積物に分けられる。これらを組み合わせると、陸源堆積物(礫、砂、泥、青泥、赤泥、緑泥、タービダイト、氷河堆積物、遠洋粘土)、化学源堆積物(マンガン団塊、リン酸塩団塊、パラゴナイト、フィリップ石、重晶石など)、生物源堆積物として石灰質堆積物(有孔虫軟泥、翼足虫軟泥、ココリス軟泥、サンゴ堆積物など)と珪質堆積物(けいしつたいせきぶつ)(放散虫軟泥・珪藻軟泥)などに分けられる。

 運搬経路あるいは形成過程によって、河川、海流、風、氷河、氷山、混濁流、生物遺骸(いがい)、無機的沈殿、風化などを指標に分けることもできる。一般的にみると大陸棚では陸源の砕屑(さいせつ)物、火山堆積物、サンゴ堆積物が多く、大陸斜面とその沖合いにはタービダイトが多い。大洋底ではプランクトン遺骸(有孔虫軟泥、ココリス軟泥、珪藻軟泥)、海水からの沈殿物(マンガン団塊)、風成堆積物(遠洋粘土)と、その海底風化物質などが多い。大洋底は堆積速度がきわめて遅く、層を乱さずにこれを採取すれば、過去にさかのぼって堆積環境を知ることができる。深海掘削によってジュラ紀の堆積物(1億6200万年前)が北大西洋のバハマ沖で得られている。

 堆積物の生成年代の決定は、放射性同位体による方法、古地磁気学的方法、火山灰層による方法、生物層序学的方法(放散虫、珪藻、ココリス、有孔虫などの種の変遷の組合せ)があり、これらによって過去の気候変化、海流変化、プレート移動などを推定することも可能である。最近、問題になっているのは、深海堆積物中の堆積間隙(かんげき)の存在である。その原因は解明されていないが、プレートの移動に伴う水陸分布の変化と南極底層水の流路の変遷によって、堆積間隙の分布を説明する底層流説がある。また大気中の台風やサイクロンに似た大洋の西側に発生する中規模渦による無堆積という説明の可能性も示唆されている。

[佐藤任弘]

[参照項目] | 海底
日本近海の海底堆積物分布
©Shogakukan">

日本近海の海底堆積物分布


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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