Active transport

Japanese: 能動輸送 - のうどうゆそう
Active transport

This is the process of moving a substance through a biological membrane against its concentration gradient. When the substance is an ion, it refers to transport against the concentration gradient and the gradient of the electrochemical potential due to the potential difference inside and outside the membrane, and the mechanism that performs this is called an ion pump. The energy required for active transport is obtained by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), so if the supply of ATP is cut off by inhibiting respiration or glycolysis, active transport will also stop. Generally, cell membranes have a mechanism that transports sodium ions (Na + ) from inside the cell to the outside against a concentration difference of 10 times or more, and this mechanism is called the sodium pump. This mechanism is also called the Na + -K + exchange pump because it is coupled with a mechanism that transports potassium ions (K + ) from outside the cell into the cell at the same time. The actual entity of the sodium pump is thought to be ATP hydrolase (ATPase) in the cell membrane, which is activated by Na + and K + . This enzyme is specifically inhibited by ouabain, but the sodium pump is also stopped by ouabain. Ion pumps are extremely specific, and do not transport lithium ions (Li + ), which have properties similar to those of sodium ions. In the small intestinal epithelium, sugars and amino acids appear to be transported by directly consuming energy, but this transport is dependent on the concentration gradient of Na + created by the sodium pump, and is called cotransport. In addition to the sodium pump, other ion pumps include calcium (Ca 2+ ) pumps, chloride (Cl - ) pumps, and proton (H + ) pumps. These various ion pumps have similar molecular structures, and the relationship between their structure and function is being investigated. Active transport is deeply related to many basic biological functions, including maintaining the intracellular ionic environment, absorption, osmotic regulation, and excretion.

[Akira Murakami]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体膜を通して、物質をその濃度勾配(こうばい)に逆らって移動させる過程をいう。その物質がイオンの場合は、濃度勾配と膜内外の電位差による電気化学的ポテンシャルの勾配に逆らう輸送をいい、それを行う機構をイオンポンプという。能動輸送に必要なエネルギーはアデノシン三リン酸(ATP)の加水分解によって得られるため、呼吸や解糖などを阻害してATPの供給を断てば、能動輸送も停止する。一般に細胞膜には、10倍以上の濃度差に抗して細胞内からナトリウムイオン(Na+)を細胞外に運び出す機構があり、ナトリウムポンプとよばれている。この機構はまた同時に細胞外からカリウムイオン(K+)を細胞内に運び込む機構と共役しているため、Na+‐K+交換ポンプともいわれる。ナトリウムポンプの実体と考えられるものは、細胞膜にあるNa+とK+により活性化されるATP加水分解酵素(ATPアーゼ)である。この酵素はウアバインにより特異的に阻害されるが、またウアバインによってナトリウムポンプも停止する。イオンポンプはきわめて特異性が高く、ナトリウムイオンと似た性質をもつリチウムイオン(Li+)も運搬しない。小腸上皮では、糖やアミノ酸が、直接エネルギーを消費して運搬されているようにみえるが、これは、ナトリウムポンプによりつくられたNa+の濃度勾配に依存する輸送であり、共(きょう)輸送といわれる。イオンポンプにはナトリウムポンプのほか、カルシウム(Ca2+)ポンプ、塩素(Cl-)ポンプ、プロトン(H+)ポンプなどがある。これら種々のイオンポンプは類似の分子構造をもち、その構造と機能の関係が調べられている。能動輸送は、細胞内イオン環境の維持、吸収のほか、浸透圧調節、排出など多くの基礎的な生物学的機能に深く関係している。

[村上 彰]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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