master

Japanese: master

…In other words, the academic degree system is divided into two categories: European and Chinese. In medieval European universities, three academic degrees were created: Doctor, Master, and Bachelor (today's bachelor's degree). Of these, Doctor (Latin doctor) comes from doceo (to teach) and was a title that certified a university teacher's qualification. …

From the Captain

…a seaman who commands the other crew members on board a ship and manages and operates the ship and its cargo. In ancient Rome, the ship's technical chief was the ship's chief officer, but was also a slave to the ship's owner, and in the Middle Ages, the ship's chief officer was usually one of the managers of a joint enterprise. With the development of the shipping industry under capitalism in the early modern period, the ship's chief officer came to be in the present-day form of an employee of the ship's owner. Because the chief officer is deeply involved in the safety of human life, the ship, and its cargo, the qualifications for the position are strictly regulated by the "Law of Ship's Officers." …

From the Apprenticeship System

…It was established in the 14th century when craft guilds were formed and trade associations were formed. It formed a social hierarchy consisting of a master (called Meister in Germany), a journeyman, and an apprentice. The master hires the apprentice by contract and guarantees food, clothing, and shelter, but does not pay him a wage, but gives him a small allowance. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "master" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…つまり学位制度は，ヨーロッパ系と，中国系とに二分される。ヨーロッパ中世の大学では，英語でドクターdoctor，マスターmaster，バチェラーbachelor(今日の学士)という三つの学位が生まれていた。このうち，ドクター(ラテン語doctor)はdoceo(教える)を語源とし，大学の教師資格を証明する称号であった。…

【船長】より

…船員のうち，船舶に乗り組んで他の船員を指揮するとともに，船舶および積荷を合わせた一つの海上財団を管理運航する者をいう。古代ローマでは，船の技術上の最高責任者ではあるものの，船主の奴隷としての地位にあり，中世においては共同企業の経営者の1人がこれに当たるのがふつうであった。近世に至り資本主義のもとに海運業が発達するに伴い，現在の形態のように船舶所有者の被雇用者の地位に立つことになった。人命，船舶および積荷の安全に深く関与するため，その資格については〈船舶職員法〉によってきびしく規定されている。…

【徒弟制度】より

…手工業ギルドを中心に同職組合が形成された14世紀ころ，それと結合しつつ確立した。親方master(ドイツではマイスターと呼ばれる)，職人journeyman，徒弟apprenticeという身分的な階層制度を形成する。親方は契約によって徒弟を雇い，衣食住を保証するが賃金は支払わず若干のこづかい銭を与える。…

※「master」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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