A type of device that records the number of radiation particles by utilizing the ionization of gases caused by radiation. It was invented by H. Geiger and W. Muller in 1928. It is also called a GM tube for short. It is simple and widely used because it records only the number of particles, regardless of the type or energy of the radiation. The metal plating on the inner wall of a metal cylinder or glass tube is used as the cathode, and a thin metal wire stretched along the central axis is used as the anode, and argon gas or the like is sealed in the container at low pressure. If a sufficiently high DC voltage is applied between the two electrodes, the electrons and positive ions created when radiation enters are accelerated by the strong electric field near the anode, colliding with gas atoms to create electrons and positive ions. When this process is repeated, a large number of electrons and positive ions are produced, which move and generate high voltage pulses at the anode. The number of these pulses indicates the number of radiation particles that entered the counter. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
放射線による気体の電離現象を利用して,放射線の個数を記録する装置の1種。 1928年 H.ガイガーと W.ミュラーが発明した。略して GM管ともいう。簡便で,放射線の種類,エネルギーに関係なく,その個数だけが記録されるという特徴をもち,広く用いられている。金属円筒またはガラス管内壁の金属メッキを陰極,中心軸に張った細い金属線を陽極とし,容器内にアルゴンガスなどを低圧で封入する。両極間に十分高い直流電圧を加えておくと,放射線が入射したときにつくる電子と陽イオンとが陽極付近の強い電場で加速され,ガス原子に衝突して電子と陽イオンとをつくる。この過程を繰返すと,多量の電子と陽イオンとが生じ,これらが移動して陽極に高い電圧のパルスを生じる。このパルスの数によって,計数管に入射した放射線の個数を知る。
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