...The Congo Free State was practically a private colony of Leopold II, and was subject to unprecedented tyranny. Leopold II was severely criticized by the United Kingdom and other Western countries for violating the Berlin Agreement due to the systematic seizure of the inhabitants' land, the development of rubber plantations, and the introduction of an inhumane forced labor system for the purpose of collecting ivory. At the private level, a number of people, such as the British Edmund Morel (1873-1924), who organized the Congo Reform Association in 1904 and published books such as The Red Rubber, denounced the tyranny of Leopold II, making the Congo Free State's position even more difficult. Leopold II attempted to introduce a series of reforms from 1906 onwards, including partial recognition of the authority of African chiefs and the abolition of forced rubber collection, but was unable to avoid criticism from international opinion. In 1908, he transferred the governance of the Congo Free State to the Belgian government, and the Belgian Congo was officially born. *Some of the terminology that mentions "Morel, E." is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…コンゴ自由国は事実上レオポルド2世の私的植民地として他に類例を見ないほどの暴政のもとに置かれ,住民の土地に対する組織的収奪,ゴム農園の開発や象牙の採集を目的とした非人道的な強制労働制度の導入などのために,レオポルド2世はイギリスをはじめとする欧米諸国からベルリン協定違反として厳しい非難を浴びせられた。また民間レベルでも,イギリスのモレルEdmund Morel(1873‐1924)のように1904年にコンゴ改革協会を組織し,《赤いゴム》などの著作によってレオポルド2世の暴政を告発する人々が少なからず現れ,コンゴ自由国の立場はいっそう苦しいものとなった。レオポルド2世は06年以降アフリカ人首長の権限の部分的承認,ゴムの強制集荷の廃止などを含む一連の改革を導入しようとしたが,国際世論の非難をかわすことができず,08年にコンゴ自由国の統治権をベルギー政府に移管し,ここにベルギー領コンゴが正式に誕生した。… ※「Morel,E.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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