Average loss - Kaison

Japanese: 海損 - かいそん
Average loss - Kaison

In a broad sense, it refers to any damage incurred by a ship or cargo during a voyage. It includes actual average and cost average. There are two types of average: ordinary average (minor average) and extraordinary average (average in the narrow sense). Ordinary average is damage or expenses that regularly occur to a ship or cargo in the course of a normal voyage, such as wear and tear on the hull, pilotage fees, wear and tear on cargo, and port dues. In contrast, extraordinary average is damage to a ship or cargo that arises from an unusual accident during navigation that cannot normally be foreseen.

[Toda Shuzo]

General average/single average

Emergency average can be further divided into individual average and general average. General average is damage and expenses incurred by dispositions made on a ship or cargo to avoid common danger to the ship and cargo (Article 788 of the Commercial Code). Any other emergency average is called individual average. Individual average includes emergency average that does not meet the requirements of general average, such as damages incurred only on the ship (individual average in the narrow sense), expenses incurred by a ship to anchor at a port of departure or during a voyage due to force majeure (quasi-general average), and collision of ships. In the narrow sense of individual average, the owner of the ship or cargo must bear the damages due to the application of the general principle of the Civil Code that "things die for their owners." Regarding collision of ships, the provisions on torts in the Civil Code and the provisions on collision of ships in the Commercial Code (Articles 797 and 798 of the Commercial Code) apply in domestic relations, and the Unification Convention (1910) applies in foreign relations. The Commercial Code contains detailed provisions regarding general average (Article 788 et seq.), but in practice it is handled in accordance with the York-Antwerp Rules (2004).

[Toda Shuzo]

[Reference items] | General Average | Ship collision

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義では、航海に際して船舶または積み荷について生ずるいっさいの損害のこと。実物海損と費用海損を含む。海損には通常海損(小海損)と非常海損(狭義の海損)の二つがある。通常海損は、たとえば船体の消耗、水先料、積み荷の磨損、入港税のように、船舶や積み荷につき、通常航海に伴って規則的に発生する損害または費用である。これに対して非常海損は、船舶や積み荷につき、通常予見することができない異常の航海上の事故から生ずる損害である。

[戸田修三]

共同海損・単独海損

非常海損はさらに単独海損と共同海損に分けることができる。このうち共同海損は、船舶および積み荷に対する共同の危険を免れるために、船舶または積み荷についてなした処分によって生じた損害および費用のことである(商法788条)。これ以外の非常海損を単独海損という。単独海損には、たとえば船舶だけについて生じた損害のように、共同海損の要件を満たさない非常海損(狭義の単独海損)のほか、船舶が不可抗力により発航港や航海の途中で停泊するために要した費用(準共同海損)および船舶の衝突が含まれる。狭義の単独海損に対しては「物は所有者のために死す」という民法の一般法理の適用により、船舶や積み荷の所有者がその損害を甘受せねばならない。船舶の衝突については、国内関係は民法の不法行為および商法の船舶衝突に関する規定(商法797条・798条)が、また渉外関係は統一条約(1910)が適用される。共同海損については商法に詳細な規定があるが(商法788条以下)、実際界ではヨーク・アントワープ規則(2004)によって処理されている。

[戸田修三]

[参照項目] | 共同海損 | 船舶衝突

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