On

Japanese: 恩 - おん
On

In Japanese classics such as the "Nihon Shoki" and "Kogo Shui," the word "on" is read as "megumi," "miitsukushimi," or "miutsukushimi." "Megumi" is said to be the noun form of the word "megumu," which is used when plants sprout, but plants sprout when the life force of the hibernating plants is awakened by the spring air. In this way, it is considered that one person's giving of life to another or helping life to develop is to give gratitude, and the opposite is to receive gratitude. Therefore, gratitude does not only exist among humans, but we are broadly grateful to the three elements of heaven, earth, and man. However, this is a broad sense of "on," and it is usually thought of as gratitude in the narrow sense of being grateful for the kindness shown by a person and the good results it brings, and Kaibara Ekiken and others thought that the recipients of this gratitude were parents and the sovereign. In other words, the ultimate expression of gratitude lies in loyalty and filial piety, but the concept of gratitude in Japanese thought was heavily influenced by Buddhism, and Chinese Confucianism rarely preached about gratitude.

[Tetsushi Furukawa]

Gratitude in Buddhism

A Chinese translation of the Sanskrit upakāra (caring for others) or krta (benefits bestowed on oneself by others). In Buddhism, people are said to know gratitude (knowing gratitude), feel it in their hearts (appreciating gratitude), and repay it (repaying it). Specifically, the Sutra of the Mindful Place of the True Dharma lists four types of gratitude from mothers, fathers, Tathagatas, and preachers, and later the Sutra of the Contemplation of the Mindset preached four types of gratitude from parents, sentient beings, kings, and the Three Treasures. This is the so-called idea of ​​the four types of gratitude. Love between parents and children and between spouses is called love and affection, and it is said that monks should cut it off. In China, the gratitude received from parents was emphasized in connection with the idea of ​​filial piety, leading to the creation of a false sutra called the Sutra of the Great Gratitude of Parents.

[Arai Keiho]

"Buddhist Thought Research Group, ed., Buddhist Thought 4: Gratitude (1979, Heirakuji Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

『日本書紀』や『古語拾遺(しゅうい)』などの日本の古典に出ている「恩」は「めぐみ」「みいつくしみ」「みうつくしみ」などと訓(よ)まれている。そして「めぐみ」は、草木が芽ぐむなどというときの芽ぐむを名詞形にしたものとされているが、草木が芽ぐむのは冬眠していた草木の生命力が陽春の気にはぐくまれて目覚めることによる。そのようにある者が他の者に生命を与えたり生命の発展を助けることが恩を施すことであり、その逆が恩を受けることであるとみられる。したがって恩の存在するのは人間の間だけでなく、われわれは天地人の三者から広く恩を受けていることになる。しかしこれは広義の「恩」で、普通にはある人によって示された好意とその良好な結果とに対して感謝するという狭義の感恩が考えられ、この感恩の対象は父母と君主であると貝原益軒(かいばらえきけん)などは考えていた。つまり感恩の究極は忠孝にあるというわけであるが、日本思想における感恩の観念は仏教の影響によるところが大きく、中国の儒教は恩を説くことはまれであった。

[古川哲史]

仏教における恩

サンスクリットのウパカーラupakāra(他の者を思いやること)、またはクルタkrta(他の者から自分になされた恵み)の漢訳。仏教では、人は恩を知り(知恩)、心に感じ(感恩)、それに報いなければいけない(報恩)とされる。具体的に、『正法念処経(しょうぼうねんしょきょう)』では母、父、如来(にょらい)、説法の法師から受ける四種の恩があげられ、さらにのちには『心地観経(しんちかんぎょう)』で父母、衆生(しゅじょう)、国王、三宝(さんぼう)の四種の恩が説かれた。いわゆる四恩思想である。親子や夫婦間の愛は恩愛といい、出家修行者には断ち切るべきものとされる。中国では親から受ける恩が孝の思想と関連して強調され、『父母恩重経(ふぼおんじゅうきょう)』の偽経が制作されるに至った。

[新井慧誉]

『仏教思想研究会編『仏教思想4 恩』(1979・平楽寺書店)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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