Reinforcement

Japanese: reinforcement
Reinforcement

...This salivation is called a conditioned reflex, and the bell is called the conditioned stimulus (abbreviated CS). In this case, the repeated pairing of the bell with food is called reinforcement. Similarly, a light stimulus can be used as the conditioned stimulus, and an electric shock to the foot can be used as the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a flexion reflex of the foot in response to the light.

From "Conditioned Reflex"

...A response evoked by a conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned reflex (abbreviated as CR), and a response evoked by an unconditioned stimulus is called an unconditioned reflex (abbreviated as UR). The operation of combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus is called reinforcement.
[Characteristics of conditioned reflexes]
Conditioned reflexes have the following characteristics:

From [Reinforced Concrete]

...On the other hand, iron bars are strong against tension, but they bend easily and are not suitable for compressive forces. In order to compensate for these two shortcomings, iron bars are inserted into concrete to make it strong against both tension and compression, resulting in reinforced concrete, and the embedded iron bars are called "reinforced concrete." A composite structure made of dissimilar materials, concrete and reinforcing bars, is possible for the following reasons: concrete and reinforcing bars have good adhesion to each other, reinforcing bars embedded in concrete are resistant to rust (concrete is naturally weakly alkaline) and have long-term durability, and the coefficients of thermal expansion of concrete and reinforcing bars are almost the same, so they can deform freely without causing secondary stress in response to temperature changes.

*Some terminology explanations that mention "reinforcement" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…この唾液分泌を条件反射といい,またベル音は条件刺激conditioned stimulus(略称CS)という。このとき,ベル音と食餌の組合せを繰り返す操作を強化reinforcementという。同様に,光刺激を条件刺激とし,足の電撃刺激を無条件刺激として,光に対する足の屈曲反射を条件反射として起こすこともできる。…

【条件反射】より

…また条件刺激によってひき起こされる反応を条件反射conditioned reflex(略称CR),無条件刺激でひき起こされる反応を無条件反射unconditioned reflex(略称UR)という。条件刺激と無条件刺激を組み合わせて与える操作を強化reinforcementという。
[条件反射の特性]
 条件反射は次のような性質をもっている。…

【鉄筋コンクリート】より

…一方,鉄棒は引張りに対しては強いが,曲がりやすく,圧縮力を受けるのには適していない。このような両者の欠点を互いに補うために,コンクリートに鉄棒を挿入して引張りにも圧縮にも強くしたのが鉄筋コンクリートであり,埋め込まれた鉄棒を鉄筋reinforcementと呼んでいる。 コンクリートと鉄筋という異種の材料による合成構造が成り立つのは,コンクリートと鉄筋の付着性がよいこと,コンクリート中に埋め込まれた鉄筋はさびにくく(コンクリートは本来弱アルカリ性である),長期間の耐久性があること,コンクリートと鉄筋の温度膨張係数がほぼ等しいので,温度変化に対して二次応力を生ずることなく自由に変形しうること,などの理由による。…

※「reinforcement」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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