shādūf (English spelling) shaduf

Japanese: shādūf(英語表記)shaduf
shādūf (English spelling) shaduf

…However, waterwheels continued to be used as a power source. Rare examples include floating waterwheels used for milling flour and paper in cities along the Tigris and Euphrates in the 10th century, and tidal waterwheels used for power in Basra. Waterwheels in the Islamic period were essentially the same as those used before, but their first application to agriculture led to a sudden expansion of summer crops, which had previously only been done on a vegetable garden scale, thanks to the dalw (a bucket with a pulley), shādūf (a feather bucket), and ṭanbūr (Archimedes' screw), and advanced land use through crop rotation was realized. During this process, improvements were made to the design and details of waterwheels, some of which were introduced to Europe. …

*Some of the terminology references "shādūf" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…もっとも水車の動力としての利用も継続しており,珍しい例では,10世紀のティグリス,ユーフラテス両川沿いの都市で,製粉・製紙に用いられた浮水車,バスラで同じく動力用の潮汐水車などが記録されている。 イスラム時代の水車は原理的にはそれ以前のものと変わらないが,初めてそれが農業に応用されることによって,それまでダルウdalw(滑車の付いたつるべ),シャードゥーフshādūf(はねつるべ),タンブールṭanbūr(アルキメデスのスクリュー)などによって,菜園的な規模でしか行われてこなかった夏作が一挙に拡大し,輪作による土地利用の高度化が実現した点が重要である。この過程で水車のデザインや細部の改良もすすみ,その一部がヨーロッパにも伝わった。…

※「shādūf」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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