symbolism

Japanese: symbolism
symbolism

In the 20th century, when the foundations of the modern Western rationalist conceptual system were criticized and the human sciences developed remarkably, the term "symbol" was used more diversified and became an important subject of research in such fields as linguistics, psychoanalysis or psychology, ethnology/anthropology, sociology, aesthetics, art studies, and religious studies, as will be seen in the following description. In particular, under the influence of linguistics (Saussure, Jacobson, Bambuniste, etc.) and psychoanalysis (S. Freud, Jung, Lacan, etc.), not only the interpretation of the natural correspondence between what is said to be symbolized, but also the exploration of symbolism itself that goes beyond natural relationships was deepened. Thus, for example, as Levi-Strauss said, "Society by its nature expresses itself symbolically in its customs and institutions," and as he stated, "Every culture is an integral whole made up of symbolic systems, in the forefront of which are language, marriage rules, economic relations, art, science, and religion" (Preface to Mauss's Sociology and Anthropology), the exploration of symbolism, together with the deepening of structuralism and semiotic methods, has become one of the central themes in the elucidation of human phenomena (from fashions and advertising to urbanization and political language).

*Some of the terminology that mentions "symbolism" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… ところで,20世紀に入って,西欧近代の理性主義的観念体系の根底が批判され,また人間諸科学がめざましく発展すると,言語学や精神分析ないし心理学,民族学=人類学や社会学,美学,芸術学や宗教学などの分野で,〈象徴〉という用語は,以下の記述にみられるように,いっそう多様に用いられるとともに,重要な探究の対象となった。とくに言語学(ソシュール,ヤコブソン,バンブニストら)と精神分析(S.フロイト,ユング,ラカンら)の影響の下に,象徴するものとされるものの自然的対応関係の解釈だけでなく,自然的関係を超えた象徴作用(シンボリズムsymbolism)そのものの探究が深められた。こうして,たとえばレビ・ストロースが,〈社会は,本性として,その慣習,その制度のうちにみずからを象徴的に表出する〉といい,〈すべての文化は,諸々の象徴体系からなる一個の統合体であり,その最前列に言語活動,婚姻規則,経済関係,芸術,科学,宗教が位置する〉(モース《社会学と人類学》への序文)と述べたように,象徴作用の探究は,構造主義や記号論的方法の深化とともに,人間的諸事象(流行や広告,都市化現象や政治言語などにまでいたる)の解明の中心課題の一つとなっている。…

※「symbolism」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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