ASW - Anti-Submarine Warfare

Japanese: ASW - えーえすだぶりゅー(英語表記)anti-submarine warfare
ASW - Anti-Submarine Warfare

Anti-submarine warfare. It was established as a field of naval tactics in the 20th century, when submarines became a practical combat force and underwater battlefields became the battlefield. In particular, in the latter half of the century, during the Cold War, the navy placed the highest priority on nuclear deterrence missions from the sea using nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic missiles. This was because improvements in nuclear propulsion and shipbuilding technology allowed submarines to operate at deep depths for long periods of time, and because the United States and the Soviet Union allocated a large portion of their strategic nuclear forces to submarine-based strategic ballistic missiles (SLBMs), using the sea as a launch site for nuclear weapons aimed at the enemy. Led by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China, which possess strategic missile submarines (SSBNs), navies around the world placed importance on ASW, with the primary goal of gaining an advantage in battles against underwater enemies.

ASW includes a series of operations to eliminate the threat of enemy submarines, including search, detection, attack and destruction, and its force is made up of submarines engaged in these activities, as well as supporting surface ships and aircraft. While the attacking capabilities of submarines have improved dramatically, opposing forces lack decisive weapons, so ASW is inevitably carried out by combining several weapons, each of which complements the other's strengths and weaknesses. Submarines can be detected by radar when they are surfaced, but nuclear submarines only navigate surfaced in exceptional cases, so
(1) Using high-performance microphones to detect engine and propeller sounds from a submerged submarine (passive sonar search -- from surface ships and submarines),
(2) Emitting sonic or ultrasonic waves and detecting the target by the reflected sound (active sonar search - from surface ships and submarines),
(3) Using the phenomenon that the hull of a submarine causes changes in the Earth's magnetic field (magnetic detector search - from an aircraft),
By using methods such as these, they can determine the direction, distance, and speed of enemy ships and form an encirclement. Torpedoes and depth charges are the most common offensive weapons, but in recent years, homing torpedoes have become more common. To counter the high speed of nuclear submarines, torpedoes loaded on surface ships are launched by rocket launchers and fly about 10 kilometers faster than the speed of sound before automatically tracking the enemy underwater. Some torpedoes can be equipped with nuclear warheads at their tips. In addition to the tactical ASW described above, there is also strategic ASW, which takes a more comprehensive approach to anti-submarine warfare. This positioning of ASW within national security includes the deployment of SOSUS (sound and acoustic surveillance systems) in the vast ocean areas surrounding one's own country, the escorting of convoys in joint operations with allies, and the blockade of important straits. The SOSUS, which was installed around the US mainland and between Greenland, Iceland, and the United Kingdom (GIUK) during the Cold War, is an example of strategic ASW. After the end of the Cold War, the shift toward ASW between the United States and the Soviet Union slowed, but at the same time, there has been a trend toward intensifying underwater competition between the United States and China. In addition, emerging countries are importing and deploying high-performance submarines, so ASW is tending to move from shallow waters and the East China Sea to the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean.

[Tetsuo Maeda]

[References] | Acoustic weapons | Torpedoes | Nuclear submarines | Sonar | Anti-submarine weapons | Depth charges

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

対潜水艦戦のこと。20世紀の戦争のなかで潜水艦が実戦力化し水中が戦闘の場となったことにより、海軍戦術の一分野として確立した。とくに世紀後半、東西冷戦期の海軍にあっては、弾道ミサイルを搭載した原子力潜水艦による海中からの核抑止任務が、最重要なものに位置づけられた。その理由は、原子力機関による推進力と造艦技術の向上の結果、潜水艦が長期間、深深度潜航で行動できるようになったこと、および米ソ両国が戦略核戦力の大きな部分を潜水艦搭載の戦略弾道ミサイル(SLBM)に割り当て、海洋を相手国へ向けた核の発射場としていたことによる。戦略ミサイル潜水艦(SSBN)を保有するアメリカ、ソ連、イギリス、フランス、中国を先頭に世界の海軍は、水面下の敵との戦いに優位を得ることを第一の目的としてASWを重視した。

 ASWは敵潜水艦の脅威を排除するための一連の作戦、捜索、探知、攻撃、撃破のすべてを含んでおり、これらの活動に従事する潜水艦および支援の水上艦艇、航空機によって戦力が構成される。潜水艦の攻撃能力が飛躍的に向上したのに対し、対抗する側に決め手となる兵器がないため、必然的にASWはいくつかの兵器を組み合わせて、その短所、長所を補い合いながら遂行される。捜索は、潜水艦が浮上中であればレーダーなどで発見できるが、原子力潜水艦は例外的にしか浮上航行しないので、
(1)潜航中の潜水艦が発するエンジン音、スクリュー音を高性能マイクロホンで探知する(パッシブソナーによる捜索――水上艦、潜水艦から)、
(2)音波・超音波を発射し反響音によって目標をとらえる(アクティブソナーによる捜索――水上艦、潜水艦から)、
(3)潜水艦の船体が地球の磁場に変化をおこす現象を利用する(磁気探知器による捜索――航空機から)、
などの方法で敵艦の方位、距離、速度を割り出し、包囲網を形成する。攻撃兵器は魚雷と爆雷が一般的で、近年は自動追尾魚雷(ホーミング魚雷)が多用される傾向にある。原子力潜水艦の高速力に対応するため、水上艦艇に積まれた魚雷は、ロケット式発射機などで撃ち出され、音速以上で約10キロメートル飛翔(ひしょう)したのち海中に入って自動追尾する仕組みになっている。先端に核弾頭を装着できるものもある。以上のような戦術的ASWとは別に、より総合的に対潜戦をとらえる戦略ASWがある。これはASWを国家安全保障のなかに位置づけたもので、自国周辺の広大な海域を対象としてSOSUS(音響監視システム)を張り巡らせたり、同盟国との共同作戦による船団護衛、重要海峡の封鎖などが含まれる。冷戦期にアメリカ本土周辺やグリーンランド―アイスランド―イギリス(GIUK)間に設置されたSOSUSは戦略ASWの一例である。冷戦終結後、米ソ(ロ)間のASWシフトは緩められたが、一方で米中による水中のせめぎ合いが強化される流れにあり、また新興国が高性能潜水艦を輸入、配備する動きもあって、ASWは浅海域と東シナ海からインド洋の沿岸部に向かう傾向にある。

[前田哲男]

[参照項目] | 音響兵器 | 魚雷 | 原子力潜水艦 | ソナー | 対潜兵器 | 爆雷

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Asylon

>>:  Aśvin (English spelling) Asvin

Recommend

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ...

L'Hospital's theorem - L'Hospital's theorem

Assume that functions f and g are continuous in th...

Health and Morals of Apprentice Act

… [England] The factory system that was the birth...

α-cellulose - Alpha cellulose (English spelling) α-cellulose

The name of cellulose obtained by soaking cellulos...

Kayibanda, G. (English spelling) KayibandaG

...The Hutu formed the Hutu Liberation Movement P...

Communist Manifesto (English)

The first programmatic document of scientific com...

lei angr (English spelling) leiangr

… [Reiko Okada]. … *Some of the terminology expla...

Thea - Thea (English spelling) Albrecht Daniel Thaer

German agronomist and financial scholar. Born in ...

Pythonin molurus (English) Pythoninmolurus

… [Takahiro Matsui]. … *Some of the terminology e...

Arausio

…105 BC, near Arausio in Gallia Narbonensis (now ...

Emperor Kasuganomiya

?-716 Asuka - A retired emperor of the Nara perio...

Uillean Pipes - Uillean Pipes

…Other areas of folk music include dance, but man...

Ohira [village] - Ohira

A village in Kurokawa County, central Miyagi Prefe...

Timor Island (English name) Pulau Timor

An island in the southeastern part of Indonesia th...

Cusco - Kusuko (English spelling) Cuzco

A city in south-central Peru, in the central-west...