A general term for the order Euphausiacea of the class Crustacea of the phylum Arthropoda. All are marine, with 85 species in 11 genera known worldwide, and 45 species in 9 genera known from the waters off Japan. Most are pelagic, with adults generally swimming at depths of 200 meters or more, or less than 500 meters, but performing a diurnal vertical migration that surfaces at night. Although there are not many species, they are an extremely important group of zooplankton, providing a good source of food for fish as well as baleen whales and seabirds. In recent years, they have also been reconsidered as a food resource. Body length varies by species, but is generally 1-5 cm, and the morphology is very similar to shrimps. However, they are distinguished by the fact that all of their thoracic legs are made up of both inner and outer branches, and that the arborescent gills at the base of the thoracic legs are exposed and not covered by the cephalothorax. On the other hand, they are very similar to mysids, but are distinguished by the fact that the cephalothorax is completely covered by the cephalothorax, that there is no statocyst on the inner branch of the uropod, that females do not have a brood pouch and generally release eggs into the sea, and that males have copulatory organs on the first and second abdominal appendages. When they hatch, they are nauplii, which then metamorphose into calyptopis larvae, furchilia larvae, and kyrtopia larvae to reach their adult form. In the vicinity of Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture, fishing is carried out for the Pacific krill Euphausia pacifica , which surfaces on the coast in spring, and tens of thousands of tons are caught. Traditionally, it has been used as feed for livestock and farmed fish, but in recent years it has been used more as bait for fishing. In the past few years, the Antarctic krill E. superba has attracted the most attention. It is famous as a natural feed for baleen whales, but due to its abundant resources, said to be hundreds of millions of tons, it is expected to become an edible resource for humans, and some of it has already been put to practical use. It is a large species of krill, reaching a body length of 5 cm, and it forms dense schools, so there have been hopes for its development. Japanese fishing boats fish for krill in the Antarctic Ocean, and precautionary catch limits are set based on surveys of the marine environment, living organisms, resource amounts, and ecology. It is also highly regarded as bait for fishing. [Masamichi Takeda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物門甲殻綱オキアミ目Euphausiaceaの総称。すべて海産で、世界で11属85種、日本近海からは9属45種が知られている。大部分は外洋性で、成体は一般に200メートル以深、500メートル以浅で遊泳生活をしているが、夜間には表層に浮上する日周鉛直移動を行う。種数は多くないが、動物プランクトンとしてきわめて重要な群で、魚類はもとよりヒゲクジラ類や海鳥類の好餌(こうじ)料となっている。また、近年では食用資源としても見直されてきている。 体長は種によって異なるが、一般に1~5センチメートルで、形態はエビ類によく似ている。しかし、胸脚がすべて内外両枝からなること、胸脚の基部に樹枝状のえらが頭胸甲に覆われずに裸出していることにより区別される。一方、アミ類にもよく似ているが、頭胸甲が頭胸部を完全に覆っていること、尾肢(びし)の内枝に平衡胞がないこと、雌は哺育嚢(ほいくのう)をもたず、一般に卵を海中に放出してしまうこと、雄の第1、第2腹肢に交接器をもつことによって区別される。孵化(ふか)幼生はノープリウス幼生で、その後はカリプトピス幼生、フルキリア幼生、キルトピア幼生と変態して成体形になる。 宮城県女川(おながわ)付近では、春に沿岸に浮上するツノナシオキアミEuphausia pacificaを対象とした漁が行われ、数万トンの漁獲がある。家畜や養殖魚類の餌料としての利用は伝統的であるが、近年ではむしろ釣りの餌(えさ)とされることが多い。ここ数年間もっとも注目されているのは南極海のナンキョクオキアミE. superbaである。ヒゲクジラ類の天然餌料として有名であるが、数億トンといわれる豊富な資源量のために人類の食用資源として期待され、一部はすでに実用化されている。オキアミ類としては体長5センチメートルに達する大形種であることと、濃密な群れをなすことによって開発が期待されてきた。日本の漁船による南極海でのオキアミ漁が行われているが、海洋環境・生物・資源量・生態調査に基づいた予防的漁獲制限量が定められている。釣りの餌としての評価も高い。 [武田正倫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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