kuning

Japanese: kuning
kuning

... Words of the same family as Anglo-Saxon sib, Old High German sippa, and Gothic sibja are used today as terms meaning clans, along with the Celtic word clan (English sib, German Sippe), but their original meaning is unclear. Rather, it is thought that the Germanic people themselves used words meaning clans, such as Gothic kuni, Old North European and Anglo-Saxon kyn (English kin), and Middle High German künne, which are in the same family as Sanskrit ganas, Greek genos, and Latin gens, which are derived from the primitive Indo-European root gan, and that the word kuning (German König), which later meant "king," originally meant clan or tribal chief.
[Aztec and Inca]
Morgan, based on European records, examined the political structure of the Aztecs of Mexico, who confronted the Spanish conquerors in the early 16th century, and found that what historians call a kingdom or empire is merely an imaginary fiction, and that in fact the Aztec state was a confederation of three tribes organized on the clan-cell-tribe structure similar to that of the Iroquois. He devotes a chapter in Ancient Society to this discussion.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kuning" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… なおアングロ・サクソン語のシブsib,古高ドイツ語のジッパsippa,ゴート語のシブヤsibjaなどの系統の語は,ケルト語系のクランclanの語とならんで,こんにち氏族を意味する術語として用いられているが(英語sib,ドイツ語ジッペSippe),その本来の意味は明確ではない。むしろ,原始インド・ヨーロッパ語の語根ganに由来するサンスクリットのガナスganas,ギリシア語のゲノスgenos,ラテン語のゲンスgensなどと同系統の,ゴート語のクニkuni,古代北ヨーロッパ語やアングロ・サクソン語のキンkyn(英語のキンkin),中高ドイツ語のキュンネkünneなどの中に,ゲルマン人自身が氏族を意味したことばがあって,後日〈国王〉を意味するクニングkuning(ドイツ語ケーニヒKönig)の語は,もと氏族長あるいは部族長を意味したものではないかという。
[アステカとインカ]
 モーガンは,16世紀の初めにスペインの征服者と対決したメキシコのアステカ族の政治機構を,ヨーロッパ人の諸記録にもとづいて検討した結果,歴史家がこれを王国とか帝国とか称するのは,まったく想像上の擬制にすぎず,事実は,アステカの国家なるものは,イロコイ諸族と同様の,氏族―胞族―部族という組織の上に形成された3部族の連合体であったことを,とくに《古代社会》の1章をさいて詳論している。…

※「kuning」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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