Plantain - Plantain

Japanese: オオバコ - おおばこ
Plantain - Plantain

A perennial plant of the Plantaginaceae family (APG classification: Plantaginaceae). The leaves are ovate with a blunt tip, circular at the base, and suddenly narrow before transitioning into a stalk. The leaves are thick and have parallel veins. The flower stalk is 10-50 cm tall. From April to September, small white or pale purple flowers bloom one after another from bottom to top on the long inflorescence. The corolla is four-lobed, the four stamens are longer than the flower tube, and the pistil ripens first. The calyx is oblong. The fruit splits horizontally in the center. The seeds are black-brown and contain 4-8 seeds per fruit. When moistened, the surface of the seeds becomes mucus-like, and they spread by adhering to people and animals. They are called roadside plants because they grow on areas trampled by people, and can reach the alpine zone, but if not trampled on by people, they will naturally disappear. They are distributed from the Kuril Islands to all of Japan and Asia. There are 260 species of Plantago worldwide, of which five grow natively in Japan and seven have become naturalized.

[Hideo Takahashi August 20, 2021]

Medicinal

It is a typical plant found in villages, and is considered a prehistoric naturalized plant in Japan. In China, it is called shazenso (plantago major) because it grows on roads. It is used all over the world as a folk medicine to suck out swellings and treat cuts. In the former Soviet Union, a drug for treating ulcers was developed from plantain that contains the polysaccharide plantaglutide. The seeds of plantain are also listed as a diuretic in the Shennong Materia Medica. When it comes into contact with water, it releases a gelatinous substance, and contains components unique to plantain, such as plantasan, plantagoside, plantenolic acid, and aucubin, so it is used as an expectorant, painkiller, antidiarrheal, and hemostatic agent to treat coughs, diarrhea, bladder stones, excessive menstruation, and eye diseases. In China, in addition to this species, Plantago lanceolata, P. depressa Willd., is also used, while in Europe, Plantago lanceolata, P. psyllium L., is mainly used. It has a wide range of uses, including as a vegetable in Borneo and in salads in parts of Europe.

[Motoo Nagasawa and Hiroshi Yuasa, August 20, 2021]

[Reference] | Shennong Bencao Jing
Plantain
The leaves are egg-shaped, bluntly pointed at the tip, and have parallel veins. They are used as a folk medicine. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Plantain

Plantain flower
From April to September, small white or pale purple flowers bloom one after the other on the long flower spike. The stamens are longer than the flower tube. The stigma of the pistil is white and brush-shaped. ©Seishohmaru ">

Plantain flower


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オオバコ科(APG分類:オオバコ科)の多年草。葉は卵形で先は鈍くとがり、基部は円形で急に狭くなって柄に移行する。質が厚く、平行に走る脈がある。花茎は高さ10~50センチメートル。4~9月、長い花穂に白色または淡紫色の小さな花が下方から上方へと順次開く。花冠は4裂し、4本の雄しべは花筒より長く、雌しべが先に熟す。萼(がく)は長楕円(ちょうだえん)形。果実は中央で横に裂ける。種子は黒褐色で1果内に4~8個、湿ると種子の表面は粘液状になり、人や動物などに付着して伝播(でんぱ)する。人によって踏み固められた所に生えるので路上植物といわれ、高山帯にまで達しているが、人に踏まれないと自然に消滅してしまう。千島列島から日本全土、アジアに分布する。オオバコ属は世界に260種分布し、そのうち日本に5種が自生し、7種が帰化している。

[高橋秀男 2021年8月20日]

薬用

代表的な人里(ひとざと)植物で、日本では史前帰化植物と考えられている。中国では、道路上に生えるので車前草(しゃぜんそう)の名がある。腫(は)れ物の吸い出し、切り傷の治療に効のある民間薬として、世界各地で使われている。旧ソ連では、オオバコから多糖類プランタグルチッドを含む潰瘍(かいよう)治療薬を開発した。また種子の車前子は、すでに『神農本草経(しんのうほんぞうきょう)』に利尿剤としてあがる。水を含むとゼラチン状の物質を出し、プランタサン、プランタゴサイド、プランテノル酸、アウクビンなどのオオバコ特有の成分を含むため、去痰(きょたん)、鎮痛、下痢(げり)止め、止血剤として、咳(せき)、下痢、膀胱(ぼうこう)結石、月経過多、眼病などの治療に用いる。中国では本種のほかにムジナオオバコP. depressa Willd.も用い、ヨーロッパではヘラオオバコ、プランタゴ・プシリウムP. psyllium L.をおもに用いる。ボルネオ島では野菜として、またヨーロッパの一部ではサラダに使うなど、利用面が広い。

[長沢元夫・湯浅浩史 2021年8月20日]

[参照項目] | 神農本草経
オオバコ
葉は卵形で先は鈍くとがり、平行に走る脈がある。民間薬として利用されている©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

オオバコ

オオバコの花
4~9月、長い花穂に白色または淡紫色の小花を下方から上方へと順次開く。雄しべは花筒より長い。雌しべの柱頭は白色でブラシ状©Seishohmaru">

オオバコの花


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