…It was observed long ago by Galen and Raymond Vieussens (1641-1716), but it was ACLorry (1760) and JJC Legallois (1812) who discovered that damage to the medulla oblongata caused breathing to stop. Later, MJPFlourens clarified the location of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata (1837) and named it the vital node. From [Semicircular Canals]…However, it was not until the 19th century that their function and physiological significance were understood. In 1842, Marie JPFlourens (1797-1867) reported that partially destroying the semicircular canals of pigeons caused them to bend their heads and walk poorly. Since then, it has been understood that the semicircular canals are important for maintaining balance. Since then, many researchers have elucidated the detailed function of the semicircular canals, and in the 20th century, Robert Bárány published a test method using temperature and rotational stimuli, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. … From [Holistic Theory]… On the other hand, the currently influential theory of cerebral localization, which holds that various parts of the brain are responsible for human mental functions, has been called into question by research into aphasia. The holistic view in this case is called Ganzheitstheorie, and was the influential view held by Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) to Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965), and was philosophically expressed by Bergson and the Gestalt psychologists of the Berlin School. All of them took a critical stance against elemental psychology, and pointed out the importance of Gestalt perception, which cannot be reduced to elements such as melodies and patterns. … From the Brain…F. Gall argued that the cerebrum contains centers for reason, emotion, instinct, temperament, and so on, and that the development of each part of the cerebrum causes elevations and depressions in the skull, so that the shape of the head can reveal a person's character and disposition. However, around 1830, MJP Flourens, based on the fact that the same pathology always occurs when any part of the cerebral surface is partially damaged, believed that there were no various centers in the cerebrum, and that every part had the same value. Gall's phrenology lost momentum due to this theory of the equivalence of the cerebral cortex, but eventually, due to P. Broca's research on aphasia in 1861 and JH Jackson's research on epilepsy in 1863, the idea that functions are localized in the cerebral cortex was revived. … *Some of the terminology referenced in "Flourens, MJP" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…古くガレノスやビュサンスRaymond Vieussens(1641‐1716)により観察されていたが,延髄の傷害で呼吸の止まることを見いだしたのはロリーA.C.Lorry(1760)とルガロアJ.J.C.Legallois(1812)である。その後,フルーランスM.J.P.Flourensは延髄の呼吸中枢の場所を明確にし(1837),生命結節と名づけた。 【三半規管】より…しかし,その機能とか生理的意義がわかるようになったのは19世紀になってからである。すなわち1842年フルーランMarie J.P.Flourens(1797‐1867)が,鳩の三半規管を部分的に破壊すると頭がまがったり,うまく歩けなくなることを発表してから,三半規管が身体の平衡保持に重要な場所であることがわかってきた。その後,多くの研究者により三半規管の詳細な働きが解明され,さらに20世紀に入ってから,バーラーニRobert Bárányが温度刺激・回転刺激による検査法を発表して,その功績によりノーベル賞を受賞した。… 【全体論】より… 他方,人間の心的機能について,それらは脳の各部分がつかさどっているとする大脳定位説(局在論)が現在も有力であるが,失語症の研究から局在論に疑問が投げかけられている。この場合の全体論はGanzheitstheorieと呼ばれるものでフルーランスPierre Flourens(1794‐1867)からゴルトシュタインKurt Goldstein(1878‐1965)まで有力な見解をなしており,哲学的にはベルグソンやベルリン学派のゲシュタルト心理学者たちによって表明されている。彼らはいずれも要素論的な心理学に対して批判的立場を取り,メロディやパターンなど要素に還元できない〈ゲシュタルト知覚〉の重要性を指摘した。… 【脳】より…ガルF.Gallは,大脳のなかに理性,情意,本能,気質などの中枢があり,その各部の発達の強弱に従って頭蓋骨に高まりやくぼみができるので,頭の形から人の性質,素質を知ることができると唱えた。しかし,1830年ころフルーランM.J.P.Flourensは,大脳表面のどこかが部分的にこわされてもいつも同じような病状が起こってくることを根拠に,大脳には種々の中枢などはなく,どこでも同一の価値をもつと考えた。この大脳皮質同価値説に押されて,ガルの骨相学は勢いを失ったが,やがて61年のP.ブローカの失語症の研究や,63年のJ.H.ジャクソンによる癲癇(てんかん)の研究により,大脳皮質に機能の局在があるとの考えが復活してくる。… ※「Flourens,M.J.P.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
…The clarity of a photographic image is expressed...
…Nihonyanagi and Aburai were post towns on the Os...
A type of psychotherapy that uses suggestion. It ...
...In those days, people would first consult the ...
A feudal lord in the early modern period. He lived...
After Dade left for Italy in 1907, he was succeed...
...It is linguistically proven that they shared a...
...33m in height) is the highest. [Rockfill dam] ...
...The wide variation in yields and famines cause...
...The petals are strongly curled back. The tiger...
A Chinese dramatist from the Yuan Dynasty. His co...
570-663/664 Governor of Egypt during the Orthodox ...
A caldera lake in Teshikaga Town under the jurisd...
...There are Fukuro Nagoya (hachisun Nagoya) obi ...
The term vocational guidance is primarily used in...