diwan al-Sawād (English spelling)

...During the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258), the centralization that had been going on since the end of the Umayyad Caliphate was further strengthened, the bureaucracy expanded, division of labor became more widespread, and the number of diwans increased, which were then abolished or revised as the situation dictated. For example, in the 9th century, as private estates (daiyas) developed throughout the country, the tax authority branched off into separate private estate offices. When the capital was moved back from Samarra to Baghdad in 892, these tax authorities were unified as Diwan al-dār. The country's tax administrative districts were then divided into three, with Diwan al-Sawād in charge of Iraq, Diwan al-mashriq in charge of Iran, and Diwan al-maghrib in charge of Syria and Egypt. A separate Office of the Caliph's Private Estates was also established to allow for more detailed tax administration. Diwan ad-dār also served as the secretariat of the vizier (wajir) and was responsible for coordinating between the various government offices. A distinctive feature of the Abbasid diwan system was the creation of a diwan al-zimām for each diwan during the reign of the third caliph, Mahdi, which acted as an auditing office to supervise the work of the diwan and to monitor the work of government officials.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "dīwān al-Sawād" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…アッバース朝(750‐1258)ではウマイヤ朝末期以来の中央集権化がいっそう強められ，官僚機構が膨張し，分業化が進んで，ディーワーンの数も増加，それも状況に応じて臨機に改廃された。たとえば，税務庁は9世紀，全国に私領地(ダイア)が発展してくると私領地庁を分岐させたが，892年，首都がサーマッラーからバグダードに戻ると，これら税務諸官庁をディーワーン･アッダールdīwān al‐dārとして統合，次いで全国の税務行政区を三分して，イラク担当のサワード庁dīwān al‐Sawād，イラン担当の東部庁dīwān al‐mashriq，シリア･エジプト担当の西部庁dīwān al‐maghribを設置，別にカリフ私領地庁を設けて，きめ細かく税務行政が行えるようにし，またディーワーン･アッダールは宰相(ワジール)の官房庁として，各官庁間の調整にあたった。アッバース朝におけるディーワーン制度で特徴的なことは，第3代カリフ，マフディーの時，各ディーワーンに対応して，ディーワーン･アッジマームdīwān al‐zimāmが創設されたことで，これは当該ディーワーンの業務を監督する監査庁を意味し，官吏の業務監察を行った。…

※「dīwān al-Sawād」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報