dihqān (English spelling) dihqan

Japanese: dihqān(英語表記)dihqan
dihqān (English spelling) dihqan

…The establishment of the Zoroastrian Church meant the emergence of a new power to rival the aristocracy. In the latter half of the Sassanid Empire, a class of minor aristocrats called dihqān (village lords) grew, and Khosrow I's reforms succeeded in strengthening centralization by incorporating the dihqān into the bureaucracy and military. Society was divided into four classes: priests, warriors (aristocrats), scribes (bureaucrats), and commoners, and the top three members of the ruling class were given the privilege of tax exemption. …

From [Village]

...The Arab conquerors did not touch the rural communities under their control, and their sole objective was to collect taxes (khāraj, jizya, etc.). In the early Islamic period, the Coptic village chiefs, the mazūts of Egypt and the dihqāns, local lords in Iraq and Iran, were responsible for allocating and collecting taxes as local leaders. However, from around the 8th century, as Arabs became landowners and settled in the villages, and as bureaucratic tax collection systems were established, these village chiefs gradually lost their status as local notables, and instead Arab village chiefs called shaykhs came to control the village society.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "dihqān" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ゾロアスター国教会の成立は,貴族に対抗する新しい勢力の出現を意味した。ササン朝後半にディフカーンdihqān(村の領主)と呼ばれる小貴族層が成長し,ホスロー1世の改革はディフカーンを官僚,軍隊に取り入れることによって中央集権の強化に成功した。社会は祭司,戦士(貴族),書記(官僚),平民の4階級に分かれ,支配階級に属する上の3者には免税の特権が与えられていた。…

【村】より

…アラブの征服軍は支配下の農村社会には手をつけず,租税(ハラージュ,ジズヤなど)の徴収だけを唯一の目的にしていたからである。初期イスラム時代には,コプトの村長であるエジプトのマーズートmāzūtやイラク・イランの在地土豪であるディフカーンdihqānが,在地の有力者として租税の割当てやその徴収に責任を負っていた。しかし8世紀ころからアラブが地主となってむらに定着し,また官僚的な徴税機構が整うようになると,これらの村長はしだいに地方名士としての地位を喪失し,代わってシャイフと呼ばれるアラブの村長がむら社会をとりしきるようになった。…

※「dihqān」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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