Theatre Studies

Japanese: 演劇学 - えんげきがく
Theatre Studies

It is an academic field that focuses on theater. It is a branch of study alongside aesthetics, literary studies, musicology, and general art studies, but the establishment of theater studies in this sense was first proposed in the early 20th century.

In the West, Aristotle's "Poetics" was in ancient Greece, and many theorists of theater, including Boileau and Lessing, have emerged since the early modern period. However, most of them were about drama theory and playwriting, in other words, dramaturgy. In Japan, on the other hand, the main theories were about acting and directing, such as Zeami's theory of Noh in "Fushikaden" and Monzaemon Chikamatsu's "Theory of Reality and Falsehood" and "Actor's Review", and neither the East nor the West had a systematic theater study. There were two motivations for the need for theater studies in the West in the 20th century. The first was that in modern times, elements such as stage design, lighting, effects, and stage machinery had differentiated and developed, resulting in the need to study theater as a comprehensive art form from multiple angles. The second was the general trend in academia, where art studies were separated from aesthetics, literary studies were separated from poetics, and musicology was advocated.

Thus, the purpose, methods, and subjects of this academic field began to be examined, primarily by Germans such as Robert Prehls, Max Hermann, and Hugo Dinger, and the term Theaterwissenschaft (German) was born. Karl Hagemann then discussed the function of the director as a stage leader in his works "Direction" (1916) and "Modern Stage Art" (1921), while Julius Baap argued in his "Sociology of Theatre" (1931) from the perspectives of cultural anthropology and sociology that the author, actors, and audience are essentially one and the same. Furthermore, Arthur Kutscher, in his "Outlines of Theatre Science," used a genetic method to extract gestures (mimik) as an essential element of theatre, and Jane Harrison of England clarified the ritual nature of theatre from a cultural historical perspective in her work "Ancient Art and Ritual" (1918). These ideas also had an impact on Japan from the end of the Taisho period, leading to the founding of the Japan Association for Theatre Studies after the Second World War (1949), and although still not many, theater departments began to be established at universities. Because this field is still young and the subjects are complex and diverse, not many specific studies have been produced, but comparative research, structuralism, semiotics, etc. have been introduced, and new developments are expected. Organizations that connect countries include the International Union of Theatre Studies and the International Council for Theatre History, and for research on Japanese theater, the European Research Centre for Japanese Theatre Culture was established in Vienna (1981), promoting international exchange in theater studies.

[Toshio Kawatake]

"An Introduction to Theatre" by Toshio Kawatake (1978, University of Tokyo Press)""Comparative Theatre Studies" by Toshio Kawatake (1967, Nansosha)""Further Comparative Theatre Studies" by Toshio Kawatake (1974, Nansosha) " ▽ "Basic Issues in Theatre Studies" by Motoo Obata (1969, Kazama Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

演劇を対象とする学問。美学、文芸学、音楽学、一般芸術学などと並ぶ学問の一分野であるが、このような意味での演劇学の樹立が提唱されたのは20世紀初頭である。

 西洋では古代ギリシアにアリストテレスの『詩学』があり、近世以後はボアロー、レッシングをはじめ多くの演劇論者が生まれた。しかしそのほとんどは戯曲論、戯曲作法、つまりドラマツルギーであった。日本では逆に『風姿花伝(ふうしかでん)』ほかの世阿弥(ぜあみ)の能楽論や近松門左衛門の「虚実皮膜論」、「役者評判記」のような演技、演出すなわち芸論が主であって、東西ともに体系的な演劇学ではなかった。20世紀になって西洋で演劇学の必要が唱えられたのには、二つの動機があった。第一は近代になって舞台美術、照明、効果、舞台機構などの要素が分化発達した結果、総合芸術としての演劇を多角的に研究する必要が生じたこと、第二は美学から芸術学が、詩学から文芸学が独立し、音楽学が提唱されるというような学界の一般的趨勢(すうせい)があったことである。

 こうしておもにドイツのロベルト・プレールス、マックス・ヘルマン、フーゴー・ディンガーらによってこの学問の目的、方法、対象などが検討され始め、演劇学Theaterwissenschaft(ドイツ語)という語が生まれた。続いてカール・ハーゲマンは『演出論』(1916)、『近代舞台芸術』(1921)で舞台統率者としての演出の機能を論じ、ユリウス・バープは『演劇社会学』(1931)により、作者、俳優、観客は本来三位(さんみ)一体であることを文化人類学や社会学の視野から主張した。さらにアルトゥール・クッチャーは『演劇学綱要』において、発生論的方法により演劇の本質的要素として身ぶりMimik(ミミーク)ということを抽出、イギリスのジェーン・ハリソンは『古代芸術と祭式』(1918)で演劇の祭祀(さいし)性を文化史論的に明らかにした。これらは大正末期から日本にも影響を及ぼし、第二次世界大戦後日本演劇学会の創立(1949)をもたらし、まだ多くはないが、大学に演劇学科も設けられるようになった。この学問はまだ若いのと、対象が複雑多岐であるため各論的研究を多く出ないが、比較研究や構造主義、記号学なども導入され、新しい展開が期待されている。各国をつなぐ組織としては国際演劇学会連合、国際演劇史研究会議などがあり、日本演劇の研究についてはウィーンに「ヨーロッパ日本演劇文化研究センター」が設立(1981)され、演劇学の国際交流が進められている。

[河竹登志夫]

『河竹登志夫著『演劇概論』(1978・東京大学出版会)』『河竹登志夫著『比較演劇学』(1967・南窓社)』『河竹登志夫著『続比較演劇学』(1974・南窓社)』『小畠元雄著『演劇学の基本問題』(1969・風間書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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