Hellenism - Hellenism

Japanese: ヘレニズム - へれにずむ(英語表記)Hellenism
Hellenism - Hellenism

This term is used in two broad senses. In the broad sense, it refers to the Greek spirit as opposed to the Christian spirit (Hebraism) that is the basis of European civilization. In the narrow sense, it is a cultural or political historical period that refers to the period from the end of the classical Greek world to the establishment of the Roman era.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

Meaning

Originally, it was a coined word from "Hellenes," the self-designation of Greeks, meaning "Greek-style." Already in ancient times, "Hellenismos" was sometimes used to refer to "the correct use of Greek language" or "Greek thinking and life," or to the imitation of these, as opposed to "Barbaroi" (barbarian-style). In the early Christian era, this word was also used to refer to paganism, but today's term has a different origin.

Since the 19th century British literary critic Arnold cited Christianity and classical tradition as the two sources of the formation of the European spirit, describing them as "Hebraism" and "Hellenism," respectively, the latter has often been used to describe Greek culture in general. However, the term "Hellenism" as a historical concept was first coined by the 19th century German historian Droysen. Until then, the three centuries from Alexander the Great to the establishment of the Roman Empire had not been of interest to historians as a period of decline in Greek culture, and had been ignored by historians. However, Droysen, who was devoted to Alexander the Great and wrote pioneering descriptions of the history of the king and the periods that followed, gave the name Hellenism to that period. Inspired by the analogy of Romanism, which refers to the combination of Roman and Germanic elements, he saw the fusion of both Greek and Oriental cultures and peoples of both descents in that period.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

The extent of Hellenism

The Hellenistic period is roughly 300 years from the end of classical Greece to the establishment of Rome's world dominance. There is almost no disagreement on the lower limit, which is the fall of the Ptolemaic Empire, i.e., 30 BC, but the upper limit varies from one person to another. Most say it began with the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), but there are also other theories, such as the year he set out to conquer Persia (334 BC), the year he finally destroyed Persia and began his own world domination (331 BC), the year he ascended to the throne (336 BC), or the year the era of independent city-states ended with the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC). This is due to differences in the perspective of looking at history, and these are mostly based on political history. On the other hand, if we take a broader view of culture as a whole, including thought, literature, art, religion, etc., or the entire structure that includes various social and economic aspects, the time period is even wider. If Hellenism is the world that was dominated by the Greek language and then the time and space in which Greek qualities became universal and culture was cultivated, then it would include the first half of the Roman Empire, at least up to the 1st century AD.

Spatially, it covers a vast area from Central Asia and the west of the Indus River to southern Italy and Sicily. The key areas were mainland Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and the western Mediterranean region. In Japan, interest is naturally focused on Eastern Hellenism, and Hellenism tends to be thought of as a cultural transmission such as Gandharan art and Asuka art, but it is Western Hellenism that is important. The Italian peninsula did not experience the backlash that indigenous cultures showed in the East, nor did it experience the regression that ultimately caused Hellenism to decline. The Greek culture that became the culture base for the formation of Rome was not directly from mainland Greece, but was a secondary medium of overseas Greek colonies, that is, the culture of Western Hellenism, and this was absorbed into the Roman Empire and connected to later Europe.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

Hellenistic history

After the death of Alexander the Great, his vast territory was quickly divided, and after about 40 years of fierce fighting among his surviving generals (the Diadochi), four kingdoms were established in the first half of the 3rd century BCE: the Seleucid Empire of Syria, the Ptolemaic Empire of Egypt, the Antigonid Empire of Macedonia, and the Attalid Empire of Pergamum in Asia Minor, which separated from Syria. All of them were headed by Macedonian royal families, and with the exception of Macedonia, which was a patriarchal ethnic kingdom, all of them were autocratic kingdoms in which Macedonians and Greeks ruled over the local inhabitants of the Orient, and these outsiders formed the military and bureaucratic classes, and also established a system of monarchic worship (the king deified himself as an absolute person and had statues of the king worshipped), making the latter three kingdoms typical of the so-called Hellenistic type of state, built on a common foundation and with the same characteristics. In addition, the Hellenistic region also includes Thracian and Iranian dynasties such as the kingdoms of Bosporus and Pontus which had contact with Greek culture, and the Bactrian Kingdom in Central Asia (a state of Greek surviving people).

To put it simply, the history of the Hellenistic period was a process in which the four kingdoms that competed with each other in the first half were gradually encroached upon by the emerging Western power Rome in the second half, and were conquered one by one along with the independent Greek poleis represented by the Aetolian League and the Achaean League (189 BC, 164 BC), establishing Rome's domination of the Mediterranean world. Rome's intervention in the Hellenistic world began around 200 BC. Rome skillfully manipulated the conflicts between the countries and defeated them one by one. Macedonia was destroyed in 168 BC after three wars (the First to Third Macedonian Wars), and Pergamum destroyed itself by bequeathing its kingdom to the Roman Senate (133 BC). Syria gave Rome an excuse over the treatment of Hannibal, and after a long period of hostility, it was put to an end by Pompey in 64 BC. Furthermore, Egypt, which had been a puppet of Rome since the beginning of the 2nd century BC, brought about its own downfall under the influence of the Roman Triumvirate, with Queen Cleopatra committing suicide in 30 BC and bringing an end to the era as the last Hellenistic kingdom.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

Economy and Society in the Hellenistic World

The Hellenistic states were large-scale autocratic states, and the management of these kingdoms led to increased demand in general, leading to a booming economy. One factor was the demand for large numbers of mercenaries, whose payment stimulated economic development and consumption, promoting population movement. The construction of numerous cities in the early Seleucid period also encouraged this. The population of mainland Greece and the surrounding areas left in search of employment, and the center of prosperity shifted to the east, to places like Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia, and Rhodes. In mainland Greece, Corinth prospered in place of Athens (it was hailed as the "Star of Hellas"), and from the second half of the 2nd century BC, Delos, a free port exempt from Roman customs duties, also flourished. The second factor behind the booming economy was the balance of power between the Hellenistic states in the 3rd century BC. A single economic sphere was established between the three countries of Syria, Macedonia, and Egypt, and Syracuse under Hieron II, including Carthage, which was under the influence of Hellenism. To the east, the Seleucid dynasty conducted long-distance trade that far exceeded the wide-area economic sphere of the Achaemenid dynasty. Since Seleucus I sent Megasthenes to explore Bengal (around 300 BC), the dynasty focused on trade with India, importing spices, pepper, cotton, pearls, and gems from India mainly by land route, and Chinese silk also arrived at Seleucia, one of the end points of the Silk Road. In contrast, the Ptolemaic dynasty devoted itself to South Sea trade toward the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and Alexandrian merchants transported spices and ivory from Arabia and Somalia. Direct sailing to India began after the Roman Empire, but such experiences gave rise to the publication of the Erythraean Travelogue, a guidebook to the southern sea trade route, in the 1st century AD. However, this unprecedented boom led to soaring prices. Prices first rose when huge amounts of precious metals confiscated from Persia were put into circulation, but throughout the Hellenistic period the economy was always prone to inflation. Thus, prosperity also created impoverished masses, and social tensions rose. In particular, autocratic kingdoms ruled by foreign ethnic groups struggled with rebellions from the indigenous peoples in the latter half of the Hellenistic period.

The kingdom of Syria was the most violent in ethnic conflict. This kingdom was founded by inheriting the largest part of Alexander's territory, but due to the multi-ethnic nature of its territory, its territory began to disintegrate early on, and it gradually lost territory. In its final years, it was confined to northern Syria and eastern Cilicia, but it was characterized by an active Hellenization policy, building more than 40 Greek-style cities and Hellenizing many existing Oriental cities. These cities not only had temples, theaters, and gymnasiums (gymnasiums) in appearance, but also had a certain degree of political autonomy. However, the imposition of a Greek lifestyle and the worship of the monarch led to ethnic conflict among the Jews (Maccabean Wars, 168-141 BC), which could not be resolved in the end.

In contrast, the Ptolemy Kingdom approached the natives (Laoi) with a policy of keeping the customs and traditions from the Pharaonic era as little as possible, but on the other hand, it made full use of its fertile land by skillfully controlling industry, and became the wealthiest of the Hellenistic countries. Therefore, it hardly adopted a Hellenization policy, and did not build any new cities except for Ptolemais. The natives were not discriminated against administratively, except for being exploited by the thorough royal monopoly economy, and the consideration for the local language (Demotake) in official documents was unparalleled (incidentally, a distinctive feature of this dynasty is that a large number of bilingual documents remain). In the countryside (chora), intermarriage between Greeks and Egyptians progressed, and the fusion of East and West that was thwarted after Alexander the Great was inadvertently realized in rural Egypt.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

culture

Hellenistic culture is nothing but late Greek culture, but compared to classical culture, the polis lost its sovereignty and the public life of citizens changed, taking on a non-communal or individualistic and universalistic character that was not related to the public life of citizens. On the other hand, learning developed under the protection of despots. The center of learning left Athens and moved to Alexandria, which had the Mouseion built with the king's wealth and a large library boasting 700,000 volumes. Callimachus and Zenodotus are famous in philology. The Septuagint, a translation of the Old Testament, was also published in Alexandria in the 3rd century BC, and its Koine (common language) Greek was a universal language without dialectal differences, whereas the Greek of the previous polis period was isolated by dialects, and the entire Hellenistic world was mediated by this vulgar Greek. In the natural sciences, Alexandria produced such great figures as Apollonius and Euclid (mathematicians), Eratosthenes and Aristarchus (astronomy), and Herophilus (medicine). Archimedes of Syracuse also studied in Alexandria.

The tendency to seek solace in the ordinary, everyday life of the common people can be seen in the prose writer Theophrastus's On Character, as well as the historical writings of Polybius and Diodorus.

The change in the spirit of the times was even more clearly reflected in philosophy, where universalistic/individualistic philosophies such as Stoicism and Epicureanism arose in search of peace of mind for the individual rather than a world of objective knowledge. Meanwhile, Eastern salvation-oriented religions captured people's hearts and assimilated with indigenous religions, giving rise to various syncretistic phenomena. One example was the Egyptian god Serapis, but because he was worshipped officially, he was far from true devotion, and people sought a stronger proof of salvation and preferred mystical cults such as the cult of Mithra or the cult of Isis. Syncretism, which is "fusion" and "universality" itself, can be said to be the phenomenon that most symbolically illustrates the spiritual world of Hellenism.

The arts were often encouraged by the vigor of princes in building and beautifying cities, and many excellent works can be found on the outlying islands and in the new cities. In particular, the Laocoön group at Rhodes, the Nike at Samothrace, the Venus at Milos, and the reliefs on the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon are famous.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

Impact

The tendencies of the Hellenistic world were continued by the "Roman Peace" and continued until the end of the ancient world. In the East, superficial Hellenism gradually declined, but it became the mother of Islamic civilization in a latent state. Islamic science realized the Hellenistic legacy earlier than Europe. In Egypt, after the end of Greek and Roman rule, the Egyptians themselves blossomed into their own Hellenistic culture. This is Coptic culture. The Coptic alphabet was created from Greek letters in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. However, the most direct successor of Hellenism was the Byzantine civilization. It preserved the Hellenistic Greek civilization for 1,000 years and transmitted lexicon collections and classical manuscripts to Europe. However, the greatest food left by Hellenism was Christianity. Christianity was born in the Hellenistic environment, became a faith, and grew through evangelism in the Hellenistic universal world.

[Yoshiki Kanazawa]

"Trends of Greek Civilization in the World" by Sakaguchi Takashi (1924, reprint edition, 1950, Iwanami Shoten)""The Eastward Expansion of Greekism" by Mayer, translated by Murata Kazunosuke and Ninomiya Yoshio (1942, Sogensha)" ▽ "Hellenism" by A.J. Toynbee, translated by Hidemura Kinji and Kiyonaga Shoji (1961, Kinokuniya Shoten) " ▽ "Ancient India and Greek Culture" by G. Woodcock, translated and annotated by Kanakura Ensho and Tsukamoto Hiroyoshi (1972, Heirakuji Shoten)""Hellenistic Civilization" by W.W. Tarn, translated by Kakuta Yukiko and Nakai Yoshiaki (1987, Shisosha)"

[References] | Greek science | Greek art | Greek literature | Hellenistic thought
Hellenistic World (c. 200 BC)
©Shogakukan ">

Hellenistic World (c. 200 BC)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

このことばは広狭二義に用いられる。広義では、ヨーロッパ文明の根底をなすキリスト教精神(ヘブライズム)に対立するギリシア精神を意味し、狭義では、古典ギリシア世界の終焉(しゅうえん)からローマ時代成立に至るまでをさす文化史的あるいは政治史的時代概念である。

[金澤良樹]

語義

元来はギリシア人の自称である「ヘレネス」Hellenesからの造語で、「ギリシア風」の意。すでに古代にあっても、「バルバロイ」(夷(えびす)風)に対立する概念として、「正しいギリシア語の使用」または「ギリシア的思考や生活」あるいはそれらを模倣することをまれにヘレニズム(Hellenismos、ギリシア語)とよび、また初期キリスト教時代にはこの語で異教をさしたが、今日の用語はそれとは別に由来する。

 19世紀のイギリスの文芸評論家アーノルドが、ヨーロッパ精神形成の二つの源流としてキリスト教と古典的伝統とをあげ、それぞれを「ヘブライズム」「ヘレニズム」と表現して以来、後者はギリシア文化一般を表す語としてしばしば用いられる。しかし歴史上の概念としての「ヘレニズム」は、ドイツの19世紀の歴史家ドロイゼンの命名に始まる。それまで、アレクサンドロス大王以後ローマ帝国成立に至る3世紀間は、ギリシア文化が低劣化した時期として関心をもたれず、歴史家たちにも無視されていたが、アレクサンドロス大王に傾倒して大王史およびそれに続く諸時期の開拓者的叙述をなしたドロイゼンは、その時代にヘレニズムの名称を与えた。ローマ、ゲルマン両要素の複合をロマニズムとよぶ類推からの着想で、その時代のなかに彼はギリシア、オリエント両文化および両系諸民族の融合をみたのであった。

[金澤良樹]

ヘレニズムの範囲

ヘレニズム時代は、大まかにいえば古典期ギリシアの終焉からローマの世界支配確立までの約300年間をさす。下限は、プトレマイオス王国の滅亡、すなわち紀元前30年にほぼ異論はないが、上限は、諸家まちまちで一定しない。多くは、アレクサンドロス大王の没年(前323)からとするが、彼がペルシア征討に出撃した年(前334)とか、それを最終的に滅ぼして自己の世界支配形成を開始した年(前331)、あるいは彼の即位年(前336)やカイロネイアの戦いにより自立的な諸ポリスの時代が終わった年(前338)など各説がある。歴史をみる視点の違いによるもので、これらはおおむね政治史的観点に拠(よ)っている。これに反し、思想、文学、芸術、宗教等を含む文化全体ないしは社会・経済的諸側面をも包み込んだ構造全体から広義にとらえるならば、時限はさらに広がる。ヘレニズムは、ギリシア語が覆った世界であり、ついでギリシア的な質が普遍化して文化を培養した時間・空間であるとするならば、ローマ帝政期の前半、少なくとも紀元後1世紀まで含まれよう。

 空間的には、およそ中央アジアやインダス川以西から南イタリアやシチリアにわたる広大な範囲に及ぶ。ギリシア本土、小アジア、シリア、エジプト、西地中海域が枢要だった。わが国では当然ながら東方ヘレニズムに関心がもたれ、もっぱらガンダーラ美術や飛鳥(あすか)美術といった文化伝播(でんぱ)としてヘレニズムが観念されがちだが、重要なのは西方ヘレニズムである。イタリア半島では、東方で土着文化が示した反発も、最終的に土着文化がヘレニズムを退潮させたような退行現象も起こさなかった。ローマの文化的形成の培養基となったギリシア文化は、ギリシア本土直接のものではなく、海外ギリシア植民地の二次的媒体すなわち西方ヘレニズムの文化だったが、これがローマ帝国に吸収されて後世のヨーロッパにつながったのである。

[金澤良樹]

ヘレニズム時代の歴史

アレクサンドロス大王の没後その広大な版図はたちまち分裂し、遺将たち(ディアドコイ)の約40年間にわたるすさまじい抗争のなかから前3世紀前半にはセレウコス朝シリア、プトレマイオス朝エジプト、アンティゴノス朝マケドニアおよびシリアから分立した小アジアのアッタロス朝ペルガモンの4王国が成立した。ともにマケドニア系の王家を頂き、家父長的な民族王国マケドニアを除けば、いずれもマケドニア人、ギリシア人がオリエントの現地住民を支配する専制王国で、それら外来者たちが軍や官僚層を形成し、また君主崇拝(王が絶対者として自らを神化し、神像を設けて祀(まつ)らせる)の制度を敷くなど、後者の3王国は共通の基盤のうえにたつ同じ性格の典型的ないわゆるヘレニズム型国家だった。このほかにトラキア系やイラン系の王朝でギリシア文化に触れていたボスポロスやポントスなどの諸王国、中央アジアのバクトリア王国(ギリシア遺民の国家)もヘレニズム地域を構成する。

 ヘレニズム時代史をひとことでいえば、前半相互にせめぎ合った4王国が、後半は次々と西方の新興国ローマに蚕食され、アイトリア同盟やアカイア同盟に代表される自立的なギリシア諸ポリスともども(前189、前164)順次征服されて、ローマの地中海世界支配が確立されていく過程だった。ヘレニズム世界へのローマの介入は、前200年ごろから始まる。諸国は相互の抗争を巧みにローマに操られて逐次各個撃破された。マケドニアは、3回にわたる戦争(第一~第三次マケドニア戦争)で前168年に滅亡し、ペルガモンは、王国を自らローマ元老院に遺贈するという形で自滅(前133)。シリアは、ハンニバル処遇をめぐってローマに口実を与え、長い敵対のあと前64年にポンペイウスにより息の根を止められた。また、前2世紀初め以来ローマの傀儡(かいらい)と化していたエジプトは、ローマ三頭政治のあおりで自ら破滅を招き、前30年女王クレオパトラは自殺し、最後のヘレニズム王国として時代の幕を引いた。

[金澤良樹]

ヘレニズム世界の経済・社会

ヘレニズム諸国は専制支配の広域国家で、これら王国の経営のため需要一般が増大して経済は活況を呈した。要因の一つは大量の傭兵(ようへい)需要で、それへの支弁が経済開発や消費を喚起し、人口移動を促進した。セレウコス朝初期のおびただしい都市建設も、これを促した。ギリシア本土や周域の人口が雇用を求めて流出し、繁栄の重心はアレクサンドリア、アンティオキア、セレウキア、ロードスなどの東方に移った。ギリシア本土では、アテネにかわってコリントが栄え(「ヘラスの星」とうたわれた)、また前2世紀後半以降はローマから関税を免除された自由港デロスが繁栄した。経済活況の第2の要因は、前3世紀のヘレニズム国家間の勢力均衡である。シリア、マケドニア、エジプトの3国とヒェロン2世治下のシラクーザとの間には、ヘレニズムの影響下にあったカルタゴを含めて一円の経済圏が成立した。東方に向けては、アケメネス朝以来の広域経済圏をはるかに超える大遠隔地交易が、セレウコス朝のもとに行われた。すなわち、セレウコス1世がメガステネスを遣わしてベンガル地方まで探査(前300前後)させて以来、同朝はインドとの交易に力を入れ、おもに陸路によってインドから香料、こしょう、綿、真珠、宝石等を輸入し、シルク・ロードの一終点セレウキアには中国産の絹も到来した。これに対しプトレマイオス朝は、紅海、インド洋に向けての南海貿易に精出し、アレクサンドリア商人たちは、香料や象牙(ぞうげ)をアラビアやソマリ方面から運んだ。インドへの直航はローマ帝政期以後になるが、このような経験が紀元後1世紀に南海貿易路の航海案内書『エリトラ海案内記』を生む。しかし、空前の活況は物価騰貴に導いた。騰貴は初めペルシアからの莫大(ばくだい)な接収貴金属が流通に出たときにもみられたが、ヘレニズム時代全体を通じて経済はつねにインフレ傾向だった。したがって、繁栄が同時に貧窮大衆を生み、社会的緊張が高まる。まして異民族支配の専制諸王国では、ヘレニズム時代の後半、土着民衆の反抗に手を焼いた。

 民族的闘争がもっとも激烈を極めたのはシリア王国だった。この国は、アレクサンドロス遺領の最大部分を継承して発足したが、領内の多民族性も相まって早くから版図の分解作用を起こし、漸次領域を失った。その末期には、シリア北部とキリキア東部に局限されたまま命運を終わるが、積極的なギリシア化政策が特色で、40を超すギリシア風都市を建設したほか、オリエント系在来都市も多数ギリシア化された。それらは、神殿、劇場、体育堂(ギムナシオン)といった都市の外観だけでなく、政治上のいちおうの自治権をもつものだった。だが、ギリシア風生活の強要と君主崇拝の強制とはユダヤ人の民族闘争を激発させ(マカベア戦争、前168~前141)、結局それを収拾できなかった。

 プトレマイオス王国はこれと対照的で、ファラオ時代からの習俗、伝統をなるべく変えぬ方針で土民(ラオイ)に臨み、反面巧みな産業統制の網をかぶせて豊穣(ほうじょう)な国土を存分に活用し、ヘレニズム諸国中最大の富力を有した。したがってギリシア化政策をほとんどとらず、プトレマイス以外には新たな都市建設も行わなかった。原住民は徹底した王家独占経済によって収奪された以外は表向き行政上の差別を受けず、公的文書における土語(デモテイク)への配慮も類(たぐい)なく高かった(ちなみに2言語文書がおびただしく遺存しているのが、この王朝下での特色である)。地方(コーラ)では、ギリシア人とエジプト人との混血が進み、アレクサンドロス大王ののち挫折(ざせつ)した東西融合が、図らずもエジプトの農村で現実化した。

[金澤良樹]

文化

ヘレニズム文化は後期ギリシア文化にほかならないが、古典期文化に比べると、ポリスが主権的存在を失って市民の公生活が変化し、脱共同体的な、あるいは市民の公生活とかかわらない個人主義的、普遍主義的な性格を帯びてきた。反面、学問は専制君主の保護下に発達した。学問の中心はアテネを離れ、国王の富財を投じてつくられたムセイオンと蔵書70万巻を誇る大図書館とを擁するアレクサンドリアに移った。文献学では、カリマコスやゼノドトスが名高い。『旧約聖書』の「七十人訳(セプトウアギンタ)」も前3世紀にアレクサンドリアで刊行され、そのギリシア語コイネー(共通語)は、前代ポリス期のギリシア語が方言ごとに孤立していたのに対して方言差のなくなった普遍語で、ヘレニズム世界全体はこの平俗ギリシア語により媒介された。また、自然科学では、数学のアポロニオスやユークリッド(エウクレイデス)、天文学のエラトステネスやアリスタルコス、医学のヘロフィロスなどを輩出した。シラクーザのアルキメデスもアレクサンドリアで学んでいる。

 市井の平凡な小生活のうちに慰謝を得ようとする傾向は散文家のテオフラストス『性格論』にみいだされる。散文では、ほかにポリビオスやディオドロスの歴史記述がある。

 時代精神の変化は哲学にいっそうよく現れ、客観的認識の世界よりも個我の安心立命を求めて、普遍主義的=個人主義的なストア派哲学やエピクロス派哲学などがおこった。他方、東方の救済型宗教が人々の心をとらえ、在来の宗教と習合してさまざまなシンクレティズムの現象を生んだ。一つはエジプトのセラピス神だが、これは官制的に礼拝されたため真の帰依(きえ)には遠く、人々はより強烈な救いの証(あかし)を求めてミトラ信仰、イシス信仰のような密儀的なものを好んだ。「融合」と「普遍」そのものであるシンクレティズムこそヘレニズムの精神界をもっとも象徴的に示す現象であるといえよう。

 芸術は、しばしば君主らの旺盛(おうせい)な都市建設や都市美化によって促進され、周辺の島々や新しい都市に優れた作品が多い。とくに彫刻では、ロードスのラオコーン群像、サモトラキのニケ像、ミロス(ミロ)のビーナス像、ペルガモンのゼウス大祭壇の浮彫りなどは有名である。

[金澤良樹]

影響

ヘレニズム世界の諸傾向は「ローマの平和」に引き継がれて、なお古代世界の終末まで持続した。東方では表面的なヘレニズムはしだいに退潮したが、潜在してイスラム文明の母胎となった。イスラム科学はヨーロッパよりも早くヘレニズムの遺産を現実化した。エジプトではギリシア人・ローマ人の支配が終わったあと、エジプト人たち自身によって自己のヘレニズムが開花した。コプト文化である。コプト文字は2~3世紀にギリシア文字からつくられた。だがヘレニズムのもっとも直接の嗣子(しし)はビザンティン文明だった。それはヘレニズムのギリシア文明を1000年間保存して語辞集成や古典写本等をヨーロッパに伝えたのである。しかし、それにもましてヘレニズムが残した最大の糧(かて)はキリスト教だった。キリスト教はヘレニズムの環境のなかで生まれ、信仰化され、ヘレニズム的普遍世界下における伝道によって成長したのである。

[金澤良樹]

『坂口昂著『世界に於ける希臘文明の潮流』(1924/復刻版・1950・岩波書店)』『マイエル著、村田数之亮・二宮善夫訳『希臘主義の東漸』(1942・創元社)』『A・J・トインビー著、秀村欣二・清永昭次訳『ヘレニズム』(1961・紀伊國屋書店)』『G・ウッドコック著、金倉圓照・塚本啓祥訳註『古代インドとギリシア文化』(1972・平楽寺書店)』『W・W・ターン著、角田有智子・中井義明訳『ヘレニズム文明』(1987・思索社)』

[参照項目] | ギリシア科学 | ギリシア美術 | ギリシア文学 | ヘレニズム思想
ヘレニズム世界(前200年ごろ)
©Shogakukan">

ヘレニズム世界(前200年ごろ)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Hellenistic art - Hellenistic art

>>:  Helena - Helena (English spelling)

Recommend

Canine heartworm disease - Canine heartworm disease

...They can also live subcutaneously, and in rare...

Epilepsy

This was the name of an office during the Ming an...

Antrodiaetidae

…A general term for spiders belonging to the Antr...

High voltage line

Generally, it refers to a power transmission line...

Hijaz - Hijaz (English spelling) ijāz

The name of a region in western Saudi Arabia. It ...

Yatsuka Mizuomi Tsuno no Mikoto

A god who appears in the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki. As ...

Coffey, A.

...It gained the reputation it has today as a res...

Han-Tibetan language family

…a large language family that is distributed over...

Commercial tax - shozei (English spelling) shang-shui

A commodity tax in China. In the narrow sense, it ...

Educational Association - Educational Association

The Tokyo Educational Association was founded in 1...

Gigaelectronvolt - Gigaelectronvolt

...The charge of an electron is approximately 1.6...

Nariki Torture - Nariki Torture

This is a type of incantation that hits persimmon...

San Juan de los Baños (English spelling)

… [Architecture] Between the 3rd and 5th centurie...

Ito Rokurobei - Ito Rokurobei

Year of death: March 30, 1894 (Meiji 27) Year of b...

Earth Tides

Changes on Earth caused by the gravitational forc...