Chevalier

Japanese: chevalier
Chevalier

...By the way, a four-horse chariot is written as 'shi', and it is said that the word for the ruling class was born from the pronunciation 'shi'. The origin of the word for the warrior class is connected to the four-horse chariot, just like the warrior class in Europe means a horse rider, a chevalier. In any case, when considering the rise and fall of nations due to the migration and invasion of peoples in the arid Eurasian region after the 2nd millennium BC, the role of this chariot cannot be ignored.

From 【Knight】

...a person of a particular rank who rode horses into battle. In ancient Rome, there were knights (equites) who were of a rank similar to that of the nobility, but the word generally refers to medieval warriors in Western Europe, and is used as a translation of the French word chevalier, the German word Ritter, and the English word knight. Semantically, the first two refer to a rider, and the latter to an attendant.

From [Nobility]

…As a result, from the 13th century onwards, in many regions, stratification within the nobility progressed, and a distinction was made between high-ranking nobles with large estates and the narrower knighthood of lower-ranking nobles who served them. Examples of this new class of knights include the knights of England, the chevaliers of France, the Ritterschaft of Germany, and the hidalgos of Spain. Also, from the 12th and 13th centuries, as autonomous cities developed, the families of the wealthy upper classes of citizens within the civic community formed a closed class of “urban nobility.” …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "chevalier" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ところで4頭立ての戦車は〈駟(し)〉と書かれ,その音通〈士〉から,支配層を表す語が生まれたという。まさに戦士層を表す語の源が4頭立ての戦車とつながる点,ヨーロッパの戦士層が馬に乗る者chevalierという意味をもつのと似ている。ともあれ前2千年紀以後の乾燥ユーラシア地域の民族移動や侵入による国家の興亡を考えるとき,この戦車の役割を無視することはできない。…

【騎士】より

…騎乗して戦闘する特有の身分の者。古代ローマにも貴族に準ずる身分として騎士(エクイテスequites)があったが,一般には西欧中世の武士を指し,フランス語のシュバリエchevalier,ドイツ語のリッターRitter,英語のナイトknightの訳語として用いられる。語義的には前2者が騎乗者,後者は侍者の意である。…

【貴族】より

…その結果,13世紀以降,多くの地域で貴族の内部に階層分化が進行し,大きな所領をもつ高級貴族とこれに奉仕する下級貴族としての狭義の騎士身分の区別ができあがった。イギリスのナイトknights,フランスのシュバリエchevaliers,ドイツのリッターシャフトRitterschaft,スペインのイダルゴhidalgosなどがこの新しい騎士身分である。また,12,13世紀以来,自治都市が発展すると,市民共同体の内部でも富裕な上層市民の諸門閥が閉鎖的な〈都市貴族〉層を形成した。…

※「chevalier」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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