Burckhardt, G.

Japanese: Burckhardt,G.(英語表記)BurckhardtG
Burckhardt, G.

...a treatment that aims to improve symptoms by performing surgical procedures on the brains of mentally ill people. The first surgery of this kind was performed by G. Burckhardt of Switzerland, who performed a frontal lobectomy and a temporal lobectomy (1888), but for a while there was no progress. However, with the remarkable progress of brain surgery, Walter Edward Dandy attempted a frontal lobectomy (1922), and then in 1935, A. C. de E. Moniz of Portugal performed a frontal lobectomy, and it was accepted as one of the methods of psychiatric treatment. ...

From "Lobotomy"

… refers to a psychosurgery procedure called frontal lobe leukotomy, which was performed for mental disorders, especially schizophrenia and agitation caused by personality disorders. This type of psychosurgery had already been attempted by G. Burckhardt (1888) and W. Dandy (1922), but the de facto founder was the Portuguese surgeon Moniz (1935), who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for this achievement. Moniz believed that the mental symptoms of mentally ill patients could be improved by blocking the neural pathways leading to the frontal lobe, and he demonstrated a method of coagulating nerve fibers by injecting absolute alcohol into the white matter of the frontal lobe, and a surgical method using a leucotome. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Burckhardt, G." is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…精神障害者の脳に対して外科的な処置を行うことによって症状の改善を期待する治療法。この種の手術の最初のものとして,スイスのブルクハルトG.Burckhardtによって前頭葉の切除,側頭葉の切除が行われたことがあるが(1888),しばらくは進展をみなかった。しかし脳外科の著しい進歩とともにダンディWalter Edward Dandyが前頭葉の切除術を試み(1922),ついで1935年ポルトガルのA.C.de E.モーニスによる前頭葉切截術が行われるに至って,精神科の治療手段の一つとして迎え入れられた。…

【ロボトミー】より

…精神障害,とりわけ精神分裂病や人格異常による興奮などに対して行われた精神外科的手技である〈前頭葉白質切截術〉をさす。この種の精神外科は,すでにブルクハルトG.Burckhardt(1888)やダンディW.E.Dandy(1922)らによって試みられていたが,事実上の創始者になったのはポルトガルのモーニス(1935)であり,1949年,彼は,この業績によってノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞している。モーニスは,精神病者の精神症状は前頭葉に至る神経経路を遮断することによって改善されると考え,前頭葉白質内への無水アルコールの注入による神経繊維の凝固,および白質切截器leucotomeによる手術法を明らかにした。…

※「Burckhardt,G.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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