FAD - FAD

Japanese: FAD - えふえーでぃー
FAD - FAD

It is one of the coenzymes of riboflavin (vitamin B2 ). It is an abbreviation of flavin adenine dinucleotide, and together with NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), it is also a major electron carrier in the oxidation- reduction reaction of fuel molecules. Its molecular formula is C27H33N9O15P2 and molecular weight is 785.56 . It was discovered in 1938 by German biochemist O.H. Warburg and his colleagues as a cofactor for flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation of D-amino acids. FAD consists of an FMN (flavin mononucleotide) moiety and an adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) moiety. The abbreviations for the oxidized and reduced forms of this carrier (transporter) are FAD and FADH2 , respectively. The reactive part of FAD is in the isoalloxazine ring. Like NAD + , FAD accepts two electrons. Unlike NAD + , FAD takes in one proton and one hydride ion. Riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) is phosphorylated by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to form FMN, and then the AMP moiety is transferred from a second ATP molecule to riboflavin 5'-phosphate to form FAD. FAD is a coenzyme of the flavoenzyme group along with FMN. Flavoenzymes are widely distributed in nature, and the isoalloxazine ring of riboflavin in the coenzyme FMN and FAD molecules acts as a hydrogen acceptor to play a role in hydrogen and electron transfer in the redox system of living organisms. Representative examples include glucose oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, and sarcosine dehydrogenase. The flavoenzyme group is characterized by the diversity of its substrates. Amino acids, carboxylic acids, NADH, and thiol groups can be hydrogen donors. Pyridine nucleotides, cytochromes, ubiquinone, and oxygen can be electron or hydrogen acceptors.

[Teruyoshi Arima, Taro Arima, and Tamiyo Takeuchi]

[References] | Adenylic acid | Adenosine triphosphate | FMN | Electron transfer | Coenzyme | Riboflavin | Warburg

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

リボフラビン(ビタミンB2)の補酵素の一つ。フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチドflavin adenine dinucleotideの略で、NAD(ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド)とともに燃料分子の酸化還元反応での主要な電子伝達体でもある。分子式C27H33N9O15P2、分子量785.56。1938年ドイツの生化学者O・H・ワールブルクらによって、D-アミノ酸の酸化を触媒するフラビン酵素の補助因子として発見された。FADはFMN(フラビンモノヌクレオチド)部分とアデノシン5'-リン酸adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)部分からなる。この担体(輸送体)の酸化型および還元型の略称は、それぞれFADとFADH2である。FADの反応部分はイソアロキサジン環にある。NAD+と同じく、FADは電子2個を受け取る。その際、FADはNAD+と異なり、プロトン1個と水素化物イオン1個とを取り込む。リボフラビン(ビタミンB2)がATP(アデノシン三リン酸)によってリン酸化され、FMNとなり、次にAMP部分が第二のATP分子からリボフラビン5'-リン酸に転移してFADが形成される。FADはFMNとともにフラビン酵素群の補酵素である。フラビン酵素群は広く自然界に分布し、その補酵素であるFMNおよびFAD分子中のリボフラビンのイソアロキサジン環が水素受容体として、生体の酸化還元系における水素および電子伝達の役割を果たす。代表的なものには、グルコースオキシダーゼ、D-アミノ酸オキシダーゼ、コハク酸デヒドロゲナーゼ、モノアミンオキシダーゼ、サルコシンデヒドロゲナーゼなどがある。フラビン酵素群の特徴はその基質の多様性にある。アミノ酸、カルボン酸、NADH、チオール基などは水素供与体となりうる。ピリジンヌクレオチド、シトクロム、ユビキノン、酸素などは電子または水素受容体となりうる。

[有馬暉勝・有馬太郎・竹内多美代]

[参照項目] | アデニル酸 | アデノシン三リン酸 | FMN | 電子伝達 | 補酵素 | リボフラビン | ワールブルク

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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