Ejido (English spelling)

Japanese: エヒード - えひーど(英語表記)Ejido
Ejido (English spelling)

Refers to the communal land system and communal villages in Mexico. During the colonial period in Mexico, communal land for livestock farming was permitted, but this was abolished by the Lerdo Law of 1856. During the Mexican Revolution of 1910, the revolutionary peasant army led by Zapata demanded the restoration of communal land ownership, and the creation of ejidos was established in the 1917 Constitution. Under this system, land-use rights were granted to landless peasant families or villages, the former called individual ejidos and the latter collective ejidos (land ownership is with the state and cannot be bought or sold). This type of land reform was particularly promoted during the term of President Cárdenas (1934-40), and it is said that approximately 70 million hectares of land have been distributed to approximately 3 million peasant families to date.

However, there are few successful examples of agricultural collectivization through collective ejidos, and ejido farmers have in effect become small farmers (minifundistas), and in place of the once-abolished haciendas (large traditional farms), modern large estates known as neolatifundismos have emerged. As a result, agriculture in Mexico has stagnated or regressed in more than half of the states, except for the four northern states in the neolatifundismo zone, and the growth rate of agricultural production has remained at less than one-third that of industrial production. This decline, in contrast to the prosperity of the modern sector represented by oil, could be said to mark the end of the Mexican peasant dream that was pinned on the ejidos.

[Kinichiro Harada]

[Reference] | Hacienda

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

メキシコの土地共有制および共有制村落のこと。植民地時代のメキシコにおいては牧畜用の共同体所有地が認められていたが、1856年のレルド法によって解体された。1910年のメキシコ革命において、サパタが指導する農民革命軍は共同体所有地の復活を要求し、1917年憲法でエヒードの創設を定めた。この制度によって、土地をもたない農民家族あるいは村落に土地用益権が与えられ、前者を個人エヒード、後者を集団エヒードとよんだ(土地所有権は国家にあり、売買はできない)。とくにカルデナス大統領期(1934~40)にこのような農地改革が促進され、現在までに約7000万ヘクタールの土地がほぼ300万農民家族に分配されたといわれている。

 しかし集団エヒードによる農業集団化の成功例は少なく、エヒード農民は事実上零細農民(ミニフンディスタ)化しており、いったん廃絶されたアシエンダ(伝統的大農場)にかわって、ネオラティフンディスモとよばれる近代的大所有地が出現している。その結果メキシコの農業は、このようなネオラティフンディスモ地帯の北部4州を除く半数以上の州で停滞ないし後退しており、農業生産成長率は工業生産に比べて3分の1以下に落ち込んだままになっている。石油に代表される近代的部門の活況とは対照的なこの衰退は、エヒードにかけたメキシコ農民の夢の末路を示すものといえよう。

[原田金一郎]

[参照項目] | アシエンダ

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