Edo - Edo

Japanese: 江戸 - えど

The name of the city that was the predecessor of Tokyo. It is located in the area where the counties of Toshima and Ebara in Musashi Province and Katsushika in Shimousa Province meet, and there are various theories about the name, including that it comes from "gate to the inlet."

[Kenichiro Yoshihara]

Transition

The place name Edo first appeared in history at the end of the 12th century. In the entry for August 26, 1180 (Jisho 4) in the Azuma Kagami, the name of Edo Taro Shigenaga appears, and we can see that the Edo clan was based in Edo as one of the samurai groups. Since ancient times, the vast Musashino region has been home to government-run ranches and manors, and it was from these areas that samurai groups emerged and flourished. During the Muromachi period, Edo Castle was built by Ota Dokan, a vassal of the Ogigayatsu Uesugi clan. The castle, completed in 1457 (Choroku 1), was also a place of scenic beauty, and was visited by cultural figures such as Zen monks, who were recorded in Chinese poetry and prose. The castle town was at the mouth of the Hirakawa River, and it is said that merchants from all over the country gathered there and a market was established. During the time of the Later Hojo clan, the Toyama clan was stationed as castle lords at Edo Castle and ruled over the area. In 1590 (Tensho 18), Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated the Later Hojo clan of Odawara, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was given the eight provinces of Kanto, entered the castle. Ieyasu excavated the Dosan moat and the Onagi River to facilitate the transport of goods to the castle. He is also said to have begun the layout of towns such as Honmachi. Then, in 1692, he filled in the Hibiya cove to expand the area around the castle. Ieyasu became Shogun in 1603 (Keicho 8) and began the so-called "Tenka Bushin" (construction of the whole country). He ordered the various daimyo to conscript large numbers of laborers (thousand kokufu), demolished the plateau of Kandayama, and filled in the sandbars of Toshima, creating a vast area of land. In this way, the townspeople's area stretching south from Nihonbashi, stretching from Kyobashi to Shinbashi, was born. The Tokaido also began to pass through this new town, and Nihonbashi became the starting point of roads to various provinces. The mansions of the various daimyo lined the main gate of the castle and its surrounding areas, and as the sankin-kotai system and the hostage system for daimyo's wives and children were implemented, Edo strengthened its character as the castle town that was the head of the entire country in both name and reality.

Around 1633 (Kan'ei 10), the long-running construction of Edo Castle was completed. The townspeople population of Edo during the Kan'ei period (1624-44) was said to have been about 150,000. The great fire of Edo in 1657 (Meireki 3) burned down two-thirds of the city. The shogunate carried out urban planning, including moving feudal lords' residences outside the castle and giving each lord an upper, middle, and lower residence. Temples were also moved to the suburbs, and embankments and wide alleys were built in various places as fire prevention facilities. The number of towns in Edo was about 300 cho (old towns) during the Kan'ei period, but in 1662 (Kanbun 2), the surrounding residential areas were made into townscapes and placed under the control of the town magistrate. In 1713 (Shotoku 3), 259 cho were incorporated, bringing the total to 933 cho. In 1719 (Kyoho 4), Honjo and Fukagawa were also added to the territory, and in 1745 (Enkyo 2) and the following year, temple and shrine land was incorporated, expanding the total number of towns to 1,678. This expansion of the urban area was due to an increase in the influx of people, but a census from the Kyoho period (1716-1736) showed that the townspeople population exceeded 500,000. If we consider the population of samurai and other people to be about the same, we can assume that Edo had grown into a large city of more than 1 million people by the beginning of the 18th century. Moreover, Edo's townspeople were densely populated in the area known as Shitamachi, and the area of townspeople's land was less than 20% of the city. In contrast, samurai land accounted for 60% of the total, and was given vast estates for their houses, mainly in the Yamanote area. The rest of the area was temple and shrine land.

Edo, which was originally said to be 2 ri square, expanded to 4 ri square from the mid-modern period onwards. For this reason, it was necessary to clarify the boundaries of Edo, and in 1818 (Bunsei 1), the boundaries were clearly defined, with the area for temple and shrine promotion (the area where donations were permitted) within the vermilion line and the area controlled by the magistrate within the black line (the black line was almost inside the vermilion line and was narrower). However, in reality, Edo had expanded beyond the boundaries of the Gofunai to the surrounding areas. On April 11, 1868 (Keio 4), Edo Castle was opened to the public, and on July 17, Edo was renamed Tokyo and Tokyo Prefecture was established. The area was within the former vermilion line, and other areas controlled by the magistrate became Musashi Prefecture, Nirayama Prefecture, etc.

[Kenichiro Yoshihara]

Characteristics of Edo

Edo was the castle town of the whole country and a political city. Edo Castle, where the shogun lived, also existed as the seat of the shogunate government. It was also the residence of many feudal lords under the alternate attendance system, and a military capital where many hatamoto and gokenin (vassals of retainers) lived. Therefore, in order to guarantee the livelihood of these samurai, many merchants and craftsmen were relocated to townspeople's areas. In this respect, it has the characteristics of a large consumer city. The increase in Edo's population after the Meireki fire (1657) was a phenomenon that occurred as a result of the results of the development of the national commodity economy being absorbed by Edo society, which brought about an expansion of consumer life. In other words, Edo's development was supported by the import of goods from various cities in the Kinai region, and it was essential for merchants from the Kansai region to move to Edo and establish Edo stores. As can be seen from the establishment of the Edo Tokumidonya Wholesalers during the Genroku period (1688-1704), a commodity distribution system that supported the economy of Edo was established in the second half of the 17th century. Furthermore, Edo was founded by an influx of people from various provinces, most of whom were men, and so it had the character of a male-dominated city. In this respect, the composition of townspeople was characterized by men making up two-thirds, and it was not until the end of the Edo period that the ratio of men to women became equal. For this reason, brothels and red-light districts emerged early on, which had a major impact on the city's culture.

Furthermore, Edo was characterized as a city prone to fires. Although we must not forget urban disasters such as storms, floods, earthquakes, and epidemics, fires were the symbolic disaster of Edo. From 1590 (Tensho 18) to the end of the Edo period, the total number of recorded fires exceeded 1,800. On average, there were about seven fires per year, and many of them were major. The frequent occurrence of fires had a decisive impact on the economic life and mental structure of the residents. Secondly, Edo was characterized as a city subject to forced relocation. As feudal lords were demoted or promoted, and their positions and status changed, their residences changed rapidly, and Edo became a microcosm of political control throughout the country. Hatamoto and other feudal lords followed suit, and the relocation of residences became an annual event, including mutual exchanges. There were also complex relocations of town areas, such as the allocation of daimyo (substitute towns) for urban planning and other reasons. As a result, changes were seen in the governance of towns, and at the same time, there was a tendency for townspeople to live in samurai land such as onawachi (collective domains), and the restrictions on residential areas based on social status began to break down.

After the 18th century, the relative decline of Osaka's status and the Edo market-centered policies of the shogunate led to the development of commodity production in the Kanto region and the establishment of the so-called Jimawari economic sphere. Vegetable cultivation in nearby farming villages and the procurement of human waste as fertilizer, as well as textile manufacturing areas such as Kiryu and brewing areas such as Choshi, led to the development of Edo as a city with diverse ties to the surrounding Kanto regions.

[Kenichiro Yoshihara]

Town control

Immediately after Ieyasu arrived in Edo, the town of Edo was ruled by the head daikan, who also ruled the provinces. After that, the area was ruled by Kanto Sobugyo such as Aoyama Tadashige and Naito Kiyoshige, and in the 16th century, the machibugyo were established as full-time bureaucrats appointed by mid-ranking hatamoto. There were usually two machibugyo (South and North), but between 1702 and 1719 (Genroku 15 to Kyoho 4), there was a time when there were three (South, North and Central). Yoriki and doshin were assigned to the magistrates to handle administrative affairs and criminal investigations. The structure of the magistrate's office became more complex as it approached the end of the Edo period.

From the beginning of their arrival in the area, three families, Naraya (the Tachi clan), Taruya (the Taru clan), and Kitamura, were in charge of governing the town by hereditary succession. These three families later came to be known as machi-doshiyori. The duties of the machi-doshiyori were to handle general town affairs such as conveying town notices, reviewing religious sects, reviewing the status of citizens, and transferring land under the direction of the magistrate. They also engaged in controlling merchants and craftsmen. The headman ruled the town under the machi-doshiyori. There were 264 headman in 1722 (the 7th year of the Kyoho era), but if four from Shin-Yoshiwara are added, the total number is 268. Depending on when they were appointed, headman were classified as Kusawake headman, Kocho headman, Hira headman, Monzen headman, and other types, and their ranks also differed. Furthermore, the area controlled by one person varied from a few towns to several dozen towns.

Within the town, the Iemochi (house-owners) who had houses within the town, and the Jinushi (landlords) who lived in other towns but had houses within the town were recognized as regular townspeople. These townspeople shared the burden of the Kuniyaku (government service to the shogunate) and the Kuyaku (labor service) in the form of labor according to the size of the frontage of the house, and at the same time, they shared the burden of the town's expenses to run the town. From the mid-17th century onwards, as Edo developed and the buying and selling of town houses became more active, the number of Yamori (landlords, owners) who were in charge of managing the land increased, and they began to take turns working on town affairs every month, known as Tsukigyoji (monthly affairs). The Yamori collected land and shop rents from the land and shop tenants within the houses they managed, and carried out their affairs in their own guardhouses built near the gates of the town. In addition, clerks called chodai were employed by each town, but due to instances of corruption and tyranny, this system was abolished in 1721 (the 6th year of the Kyoho era), and it was decided that monokaki (scribes) should be employed instead.

The duties of town officials were to carry out general town administration under the supervision of the magistrate and the town elder. According to records from the Genroku period, in addition to conveying town notices and confirming people's identities, their duties included searching for missing people, reporting thieves, raising abandoned children, handling abandoned property and fallen people, and certifying disownment and disownment. In particular, the headman was responsible for writing colophons for lawsuits and land purchase and sale documents (kokenjo), as well as attending litigation cases. The headman was called the genka-sama, and had the authority to handle problems at his own discretion (tegiri). As symbolized by the Tenmei Uchikowashi (1787), the rebellion of lower-class townspeople due to rising rice prices had a major impact on the survival of town autonomy and the town community, and during the Kansei Reforms (1787-93), a relief organization was established at the town hall. Edo transformed from a military capital into a town for townspeople, and in the 18th century the "Edokko" consciousness was established, giving rise to a townspeople consciousness of "iki" and "hari," and further giving rise to a diverse townspeople culture in the fields of kabuki, ukiyo-e, sharebon, kibyōshi, and kawaraban.

[Kenichiro Yoshihara]

Nishiyama Matsunosuke (ed.), "Research on Edo Townspeople," 5 volumes (1972-78, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

[Reference item] | Tokyo (Tokyo)

Hiroshige Utagawa, "Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido: Morning Scene at Nihonbashi Bridge"
Hoeido edition, around 1835 (Tenpo 6), National Diet Library

Hiroshige Utagawa's "Nihonbashi, one of the Fifty-three Stations of the Tokaido"

Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Edo, Asakusa City"
1853 (Kaei 6), National Diet Library

Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces: Edo and Asakusa"

Utagawa Kuniyasu, "The Prosperity of the Nihonbashi Fish Market"
This painting depicts the bustle of the Nihonbashi Fish Market (Uogashi), once known as "Edo's Kitchen." It began as a whitebait market during the Tensho era (1573-1592), and developed into a fish market after permission was granted to sell leftover fish that had been delivered to the Edo Shogunate within the city. After the stores were destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 (Taisho 12), the market moved to Tsukiji after being set up as a temporary market in Shibaura. It began operating as a central wholesale market in 1935 (Showa 10). Triptych owned by the National Diet Library ">

Utagawa Kuniyasu, "The Prosperity of the Nihonbashi Fish Market"

Town fire brigade
A nishiki-e (colored woodblock print) depicting the "Iroha 48 Groups." The 48 groups (including the Iroha 47 Groups and later the "Hon-gumi" Group) were organized into 10 large groups, and each town in Edo was assigned to one of the groups. "Edo Town Firefighters" by Utagawa Yoshitsuna, triptych, owned by the National Diet Library .

Town fire brigade

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東京の前身である都市名。武蔵(むさし)国豊島(としま)・荏原(えばら)両郡、下総(しもうさ)国葛飾(かつしか)郡の接する地域で、呼称については「入り江の門(と)」に由来するとするなど諸説がある。

［吉原健一郎］

変遷

江戸という地名が歴史上に登場するのは12世紀の末である。『吾妻鏡(あづまかがみ)』の1180年（治承4）8月26日の条に、江戸太郎重長(しげなが)の名がみえ、江戸氏が武士団の一つとして江戸の地を本拠としていたことがわかる。広大な武蔵野一帯は古代以来、官営の牧が置かれ、また荘園(しょうえん)も存在したが、それらの地域から武士団が発生し活躍したのである。室町時代には、扇谷(おうぎがやつ)上杉家の家臣であった太田道灌(どうかん)によって江戸城が建設された。1457年（長禄1）に完成した城は景勝の地でもあり、禅僧などの文化人が訪問し、漢詩文に記録された。城下は平川の河口にあたり、諸国から商人が集まり市(いち)が立てられたという。後北条(ごほうじょう)氏の時代になると、江戸城には城代として遠山氏が配備され、一帯を領有した。1590年（天正18）に豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉が小田原の後北条氏を破り、関東八か国を与えられた徳川家康が入城した。家康は道三(どうさん)堀や小名木(おなぎ)川を開削し、城への物資輸送を容易にした。さらに本町などの町割に着手したといわれる。ついで92年には、日比谷(ひびや)の入り江を埋め立て城下を拡張した。1603年（慶長8）に征夷(せいい)大将軍となった家康は、いわゆる「天下普請(ぶしん)」を開始する。諸大名に命じて多数の人夫（千石夫）を徴発し、神田山(かんだやま)の台地を崩して、豊島の洲(す)を埋め立て、広大な土地を造成した。このようにして、日本橋から南へ、京橋から新橋に至る町人地が生まれたのである。東海道も新しい町地を通過するようになり、日本橋が諸国への街道の起点とされた。城の大手やその周辺には諸大名の邸宅が並び、参勤交代制度や大名妻子の人質制度が実施されるようになると、江戸は名実ともに全国の総城下町としての性格を強めた。

　1633年（寛永10）ころには、長年にわたった江戸城の整備も完了した。寛永(かんえい)期（1624～44）の江戸の町人人口は約15万人であったという。1657年（明暦3）の江戸の大火は市中の3分の2の地域を焼失させた。幕府は大名屋敷の城外への移転をはじめ、諸大名に上・中・下屋敷を与えるなどの都市計画を行った。さらに寺院も郊外へ移し、各所に防火施設としての土手や広小路を設置した。江戸の町数も、寛永年間には300町（古町）ほどであったが、1662年（寛文2）には周辺の宅地化した区域を町並地として町奉行(まちぶぎょう)支配とした。さらに1713年（正徳3）にも259町を編入、合計933町となった。また1719年（享保4）には本所(ほんじょ)、深川(ふかがわ)の地も支配地に加えられ、1745年（延享2）および翌年に寺社門前地が編入され、総町数は1678町に拡大した。こうした市街地の拡大は、流入人口の増加によるものであったが、享保(きょうほう)期（1716～36）の人口調査では、町人人口は50万人を超えている。これに武家などの人口を同程度と考えれば、江戸は18世紀の初頭には100万人以上の大都会に成長していたと考えることができる。しかも、江戸の町人たちは下町とよばれた地域に高密度で居住しており、町人地の面積は御府内の20％に満たなかったのである。これに対し、武家地は全体の60％を占め、主として山の手地域に広大な屋敷地が与えられていた。残りの地域は寺社地であった。

　当初は2里四方といわれた江戸も、近世中期以後は4里四方という拡大をみせた。このため江戸の範囲を明確にする必要があり、1818年（文政1）には寺社勧化(かんげ)場（募金の許される範囲）の区域を朱引(しゅびき)内、町奉行支配区域を黒引内とする区画が明確になった（黒引内は朱引内のほぼ内側にあり、もっと狭い）。しかし実質的には、江戸は御府内の範囲を越えて周辺地域にまで拡大していったのである。1868年（慶応4）4月11日江戸城開城、7月17日江戸を東京と改称し東京府が置かれた。その区域は旧朱引内で、その他の代官支配地は武蔵県、韮山(にらやま)県などとなった。

［吉原健一郎］

江戸の特色

江戸は全国の総城下町であり、政治都市であった。将軍が居住する江戸城は、同時に幕府政治の政庁として存在した。さらに、参勤交代制度による諸大名の居住地でもあり、多数の旗本や御家人(ごけにん)が集住する武都である。したがって、これらの武家人口の生活を保障するために、多くの商人や職人が町人地に移住させられた。この点では大消費都市という性格をもっている。明暦(めいれき)大火（1657）後の江戸の人口増加は、消費生活の拡大をもたらした江戸の社会に、全国的な商品経済の発展による成果が吸収される結果生じた現象である。すなわち、江戸の発展は、畿内(きない)諸都市の物資の移入によって支えられていたのであり、関西商人の江戸進出による江戸店(だな)の成立が必要不可欠であった。元禄(げんろく)（1688～1704）の江戸十組問屋(とくみどんや)の成立にみられるごとく、17世紀の後半に経済的に江戸を支える商品流通機構が確立した。さらに江戸は諸国からの流入人口によって成立しており、その多くは男性であったため、男性都市としての性格をもっている。その面では町人の構成が、男性が3分の2を占めるという特色があり、幕末期になってようやく男女の比率が等しくなるのである。このため早くから遊廓(ゆうかく)や岡場所などが発生し、都市文化にも大きな影響を与えた。

　さらに、火災都市という特色がある。風水災や地震の被害、疫病の流行など都市災害も忘れてはならないが、江戸の象徴的災害は火災である。1590年（天正18）以来、幕末までの間に、記録された火災の総件数は1800件を超えている。単純に平均しても、年に約7件の火災が発生し、大火も多かった。火災の頻発は、住民の経済生活をはじめ意識構造に至るまで、決定的な影響をもたらしている。ついで、強制移転都市という特色がある。大名の改易や昇進、役職や地位の変化によって、邸宅はめまぐるしく変わり、江戸は全国の政治支配の縮図的様相を呈している。旗本などもこれに準じ、屋敷替は相対(あいたい)（相互交換）を含め年中行事化した。町地についても、都市計画その他の理由で代地町(だいちまち)が与えられるなど複雑な移転がみられる。この結果、町支配にも変化がみられ、同時に大縄地(おおなわち)（集団知行地(ちぎょうち)）などの武家地に町人が居住する傾向もあって、身分による居住地の限定も崩れていったのである。

　18世紀以後になると、大坂の地位の相対的低下と、幕府の政策による江戸市場中心主義の施策によって、関東周辺の商品生産が展開し、いわゆる地廻(じまわ)り経済圏が成立してくる。近郊農村における蔬菜(そさい)栽培と肥料としての屎尿(しにょう)の調達、さらに桐生(きりゅう)などの機業地や銚子(ちょうし)などの醸造地が形成され、江戸は関東周辺地域と多様な結び付きをもつ都市として発展したのである。

［吉原健一郎］

町方支配

江戸の町支配は、家康の江戸入国直後には地方(じかた)支配をも兼ねた代官頭が担当していた。ついで、青山忠成(ただしげ)、内藤清成(きよしげ)などの関東総奉行による支配を経て、寛永10年代に中級旗本による専任官僚としての町奉行の成立をみたのである。町奉行は通常2名（南・北）であったが、1702～19年（元禄15～享保4）には3名体制（南・北・中）になったこともある。奉行のもとには与力(よりき)、同心が配属され行政事務や犯罪捜査にあたった。奉行所の機構は幕末に近くなるほど複雑化してくる。

　町人の側では、入国当初から、奈良屋（館(たち)氏）、樽屋(たるや)（樽氏）、喜多村(きたむら)の3家が世襲で町支配を担当した。これら3家はのち町年寄とよばれるようになる。町年寄の職務は町触(まちぶれ)の伝達、宗門改(あらため)、人別改、地面の受渡しなど町政事務一般を町奉行の指示のもとで処理した。このほか商人や職人の統制業務などにも従事した。町年寄のもとで町を支配したのが名主(なぬし)である。名主は1722年（享保7）には264人いるが、ほかに新吉原の4人を加えると268人となる。名主は、その任命された時期によって、草創(くさわけ)名主、古町(こちょう)名主、平(ひら)名主、門前名主などに区分され、格式も相違していた。また支配区域も1人で数町から数十町と開きがあった。

　町の内部をみると、町内に家屋敷をもつ家持(いえもち)、他町に居住し町内に屋敷地をもつ地主(じぬし)が正規の町人として認められていた。これらの町人は幕府への奉公である国役(くにやく)や、人足役である公役(くやく)を屋敷地の間口の広さに応じて分担し、同時に町を運営する町入用を負担した。17世紀中期以降、江戸の発展とともに、町屋敷の売買が活発になると、土地の管理を行う差配人である家守(やもり)（大家(おおや)、家主(いえぬし)）が増加し、月行事と称して毎月交代で町政の事務に従事するようになった。家守は管理する屋敷地内の地借(じがり)、店借(たながり)の人々から地代、店賃を徴収し、町の木戸際などに建てられた自身番屋において事務を行った。ほかに町代(ちょうだい)と称する書記が各町に雇われていたが、不正や横暴がみられたため、1721年（享保6）に廃止され、以後は物書(ものかき)（書役）を採用することが定められている。

　町役人の業務は、町奉行、町年寄のもとで町政事務全般を行うのであるが、元禄期の記録によれば、町触の伝達、人別の確認などのほか、欠落(かけおち)人の探索、盗人の届、捨子の養育、捨物・倒者(たおれもの)の処理、義絶・勘当(かんどう)の証明など多様である。とくに名主は訴状や土地売買証文（沽券(こけん)状）の奥書、さらに訴訟事件の付き添いなどの職務もあった。名主は玄関(げんか)様とよばれ、自己の判断（手限(てぎ)り）で問題を処理する権限も有していた。天明(てんめい)の打毀(うちこわし)（1787）に象徴されるように、米価の高騰などによる下層町人の反抗は、町の自治、町共同体の存続に大きな影響を与え、寛政(かんせい)の改革（1787～93）の際には町会所による救済機関が設置されている。江戸は武都から町人の町へ変質し、18世紀には「江戸っ子」意識が成立するなど、「いき」や「はり」の町人意識を生み出し、さらに歌舞伎(かぶき)、浮世絵、洒落本(しゃれぼん)、黄表紙、瓦版(かわらばん)などの分野で多彩な町人文化を成立させた。

［吉原健一郎］

『西山松之助編『江戸町人の研究』全5巻（1972～78・吉川弘文館）』

[参照項目] | 東京（都）

歌川広重『東海道五拾三次之内　日本橋　朝之景』
保永堂版　1835年（天保6）ころ国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川広重『東海道五拾三次之内　日本橋　…

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会　江戸　浅草市』
1853年（嘉永6）国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川広重『六十余州名所図会　江戸　浅草…

歌川国安『日本橋魚市繁栄図』
かつて「江戸の台所」と称された日本橋魚市場（魚河岸）のにぎわいを描いたもの。天正年間（1573～1592）に白魚市が開かれたのが始まりで、江戸幕府に納めた魚類の残余を市中に販売する許可が下りたのをきっかけに魚市場として発展していった。1923年（大正12）の関東大震災で店舗が消失したことから、芝浦の仮設の臨時市場を経て築地へ移転。1935年（昭和10）から中央卸売市場として業務を開始した。三枚続国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川国安『日本橋魚市繁栄図』

町火消
「いろは四十八組」を描いた錦絵。四十八組（いろは四十七組のほか、のちに「本組」が編成された）は10の大組に編成され、江戸の各町はいずれかの組が分担するよう割り振られていた。歌川芳綱画『江戸町並火消之図』　三枚続国立国会図書館所蔵">

町火消

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

<<: Ade

>>: Etenraku - Etenraku