British astronomer and theoretical physicist. Born on December 28th in Kendal, northern England. Studied physics at the University of Manchester and the University of Cambridge, and became an assistant at the Greenwich Observatory in 1906, where he conducted observations and theoretical analysis of the systematic motion of the fixed stars. In 1913 he became a professor at Cambridge University, and the following year he became director of the Cambridge Observatory, a position he held until his death on November 22nd, 1944. From around 1916, he devoted himself to pioneering the theory of the internal and atmospheric structure of stars, and derived theoretically empirical laws such as the theory of radiative transfer, the mass-luminosity relationship of stars, and the period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid-type pulsating variables. Based on his theory of the dynamical and thermal equilibrium of stars, he also considered the issue of the source of energy, commented on the importance of mass-energy, and was a pioneer of the theory of nuclear energy. His 1926 book, The Internal Constitution of the Stars , is now a classic in this field. When the general theory of relativity was announced in 1916, he immediately recognized its significance and worked hard on this theory, which was not highly regarded in England at the time. During the total solar eclipse in 1919, he led the observation team and discovered the curvature of the path of light due to the gravity of the sun, which attracted much attention as a verification of the general theory of relativity. Furthermore, in 1925, he observed the gravitational redshift of the spectral lines of a white dwarf star, making a significant contribution to verifying the general theory of relativity through astronomical phenomena. In addition to these activities, he continued to develop the theory of general relativity, and in 1923 he published Mathematical Theory of Relativity . He also recognized the significance of Hubble's discovery of the relationship between the redshift and distance of galaxy spectra, and conducted research on relativistic cosmology. He was also involved in the discussion of the formation of black holes at the end of the life of a star, which had been theoretically clarified in the 1930s, and was the first to show that the Schwarzschild surface has the properties of a black hole. However, he was skeptical of the existence of black holes. He was a Quaker and remained single throughout his life, and in his later years he was absorbed in theories of physical constants, unified field theory, epistemology, etc. In addition to the above, his writings included philosophical works such as The Philosophy of Physical Science (1938) and Fundamental Theory (1946), as well as commentaries such as Space , Time and Gravitation (1920). [Fumitake Sato] [References] | |Theory | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの天文学者、理論物理学者。北イングランドのケンダルで12月28日に生まれる。マンチェスター大学、ケンブリッジ大学で物理学を学び、1906年グリニジ天文台の助手となり、恒星系の系統的運動の観測およびその理論的解析を行った。1913年ケンブリッジ大学教授、翌1914年ケンブリッジ天文台長となり、1944年11月22日に死去するまでその地位にあった。 1916年ごろから恒星の内部構造論と大気構造論の開拓に精力を注ぎ、放射輸送の理論、恒星の質量光度関係やケフェウス型脈動変光星の周期光度関係といった経験則を理論的に導いた。恒星の力学的・熱的平衡の理論をもとに、エネルギー源の問題も考察し、質量エネルギーの重要性に言及、原子核エネルギー説の先駆をなした。1926年の『恒星内部構造論』The Internal Constitution of the Starsは、現在この分野の古典となっている。 また、一般相対性理論が発表(1916)されると、その意義にただちに気づき、当時イギリスにおいては評価が低かったこの理論のためにひとり奮闘した。1919年の皆既日食の際には、隊長として観測を指導し、太陽の重力による光の経路の湾曲を発見、これは一般相対性理論の検証として多くの関心を集めた。さらに1925年には白色矮星(わいせい)のスペクトル線の重力による赤方偏移を観測するなど、一般相対性理論の天体現象による検証に大きな寄与をした。こうした活動の一方で、一般相対性理論の理論的展開を進め、1923年には『相対論の数学的理論』Mathematical Theory of Relativityを著した。またハッブルによる銀河スペクトルの赤方偏移・距離関係発見の重大さを見抜き、相対論的宇宙論の研究を行い、さらに1930年代に理論的に明らかとなった星の終末におけるブラック・ホール形成をめぐる議論にも関与し、シュワルツシルト面がブラック・ホールの性質をもつことを最初に明らかにした。しかしブラック・ホールの実在性には否定的態度をとった。 クェーカー信者で、一生を独身で通し、晩年には物理定数の理論、統一場理論、認識論などに没頭した。著書には前出のほか、『物理科学の哲学』The Philosophy of Physical Science(1938)、『基礎理論』Fundamental Theory(1946)の哲学書や、『空間・時間・重力』Space, Time and Gravitation(1920)などの解説書がある。 [佐藤文隆] [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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