Lorentz contraction

Japanese: ローレンツ収縮 - ろーれんつしゅうしゅく
Lorentz contraction

In 1892, H. A. Lorentz and G. F. Fitzgerald independently proposed a theory that states that the length of an object is proportional to the direction of motion.

This refers to the effect of shortening the time by a factor of 10. Here, c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of the object. This theory was devised to explain the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment, and the meaning of this effect was made clearer in 1905 by Einstein's theory of relativity. In the theory of relativity, the definition of simultaneous time at distant locations is different in coordinate systems in which objects are moving relative to each other. Let l 0 be the distance between two points A and B in a coordinate system in which both points appear to be stationary. Next, if you measure the distance between A and B when the times are simultaneous in a coordinate system in which A and B appear to be moving at a speed v, the length is

This difference comes from the fact that the definition of simultaneous time differs for each coordinate system. Since simultaneous time in one coordinate system is not the same time in another coordinate system, the distance between A and B at different times in that system is defined as the distance, and it is natural that the length will be different.

Using the Lorentz transformation , if A( tA , xA ) and B( tB , xB ) are written as A'( t'A , x'A ) and B'( t'B , x'B ) from the coordinate system moving with v , then l = x'A - x'B in the field where t'A = t'B is given by l0 = xA - xB .

This means that the following will happen.

[Fumitake Sato]

[References] | Theory of Relativity | Fitzgerald | Lorentz | Lorentz transformation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1892年、H・A・ローレンツとG・F・フィッツジェラルドが独立に提唱した説で、運動方向に対して物体の長さが

倍に短縮する効果をいう。ここでcは光速、vは物体の速度である。この説はマイケルソン‐モーリーの実験の結果を説明するために考えられたもので、この効果の意味は、1905年、アインシュタインの相対性理論により、いっそう明確になった。相対性理論では、離れた場所における同時刻の定義は、互いに運動している座標系においては異なっている。ある2点A、Bがともに静止してみえる座標系での二点間の距離をl0とする。次にA、Bが速度vで運動してみえる座標系においての時刻が同時刻であるときの両者間の距離を測ると、長さは

となる。この差は座標系ごとに同時刻の定義が異なることに由来している。ある座標系における同時刻は、他の座標系では同時刻でなくなるから、その系では異なる時刻でのA、Bの間を距離と定義するわけであり、長さが異なってくるのは当然である。

 ローレンツ変換を用いれば、A(tA,xA),B(tB,xB)を、vで運動する座標系からみてA′(tA,xA),B′(tB,xB)と書けば、tA=t′Bとなる場のl=xA-xBは、l0=xA-xBとして

となることをさしている。

[佐藤文隆]

[参照項目] | 相対性理論 | フィッツジェラルド | ローレンツ | ローレンツ変換

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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