Street car - romendensha (English spelling)

Japanese: 路面電車 - ろめんでんしゃ(英語表記)street car
Street car - romendensha (English spelling)

A streetcar that runs on public roads, not on a dedicated site. It is also called a streetcar, and in Japan it is called a track under the law. The streetcar was invented by E. W. Siemens of Germany in 1879 and exhibited at the Berlin Industrial Exposition, and soon replaced the horse-drawn carriages in urban areas. In Japan, the American-made Sprague tram was introduced at the 3rd National Industrial Exposition held in Tokyo in 1890 (Meiji 23). The first streetcar began operating between Shiokoji Higashinotoin, Shimogyo Ward, Kyoto and Aburakake, Fushimi-cho. This was in 1895, five years after the National Industrial Exposition. After that, not only did horse-drawn carriages replace public transportation in cities such as Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Nagoya, but streetcars were also developed like a network. At first, they were developed by private companies such as electric lighting companies, but as they were developed, city authorities often operated them as transportation bureaus.

At the end of the 19th century, tram networks had developed in major cities around the world, replacing stagecoaches, and became the main means of transportation for citizens. At that time, trams were roughly the same size as stagecoaches, with two-axle single cars six meters long and carrying 20 to 30 people. Osaka City's tramways, which opened in 1903 (Meiji 36), included two-story cars from the start. To signal the departure of the tram, the conductor rang a bell by pulling a cord with his hand, and the driver sounded a foot-operated gong to warn the tramway, hence the nickname "chin-chin tram." As trams became more widespread and more popular, trams became larger and larger, with two-axle bogie cars becoming the norm.

In European countries, two- or three-car trains and long trains with articulated bogies became popular. In the United States, modern streetcars with high acceleration and deceleration, called PCC cars, became popular in the 1930s as a countermeasure against automobile traffic. However, with the rapid spread and development of automobiles, streetcars were abolished in France and the United Kingdom in the 1950s, and in the United States, except in some cities. In Japan, streetcars were forced to be abolished in the 1970s due to the flood of automobiles occupying train lines, and the synergistic effect of the deterioration of service, such as a decrease in train operating speed, and the loss of customers due to fare increases. However, the abolition of streetcars did not solve road traffic congestion, but instead caused even more confusion. On the other hand, in areas such as Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where ordinances prohibit automobiles from entering streetcar routes, normal operation of trains is still ensured.

In Europe, since the 1990s, cities that had previously abolished trams have been forced to respond to the increasing automobile traffic, and have revived them as a modern form of transportation, LRT (light rail transit). The vehicles are called LRV (light rail vehicle) or light train. Germany, Switzerland, and Eastern European countries that maintained trams have modernized their vehicles and improved their infrastructure to switch to LRT. In Japan, the Toyamako Line of JR West was converted to LRT in April 2006, transferred to the third sector, and reborn as the Toyama Light Rail Toyamako Line.

In addition, cable cars, which have long been a feature of San Francisco and still exist today, also fall under the category of streetcars in a broad sense.

[Gentaro Nishio and Yoshihiko Sato]

[Reference] | LRT | Light Rail Transit | Public Transport | Siemens | Horse-drawn Carriage | Train | Urban Transport
Osaka City Tram (Taisho Period)
Yotsubashi intersection. Minami-ku and Nishi-ku (present-day Chuo-ku and Nishi-ku), Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture. "Osaka Prefecture Photo Album" (1914, Taisho 3), National Diet Library .

Osaka City Tram (Taisho Period)

Hakodate City Tram "Hakodate Haikara-go"
Hokkaido's first tramway. It began operating in 1913 (Taisho 2) on the tracks of the horse-drawn railway. It is still widely used by locals and tourists today. The photo shows the "Hakodate Haikara-go," a restored version of a carriage purchased in 1918 (Taisho 7). Hakodate City, Hokkaido © Hakodate City Yunokawa Onsen Ryokan Association Hakodate International Tourism and Convention Association ">

Hakodate City Tram "Hakodate Haikara-go"

Toyama Light Rail
Japan's first full-scale LRT (Light Rail Transit). The photo shows the TLR0600 type, which was introduced at the same time as the opening of the line in 2006 (Heisei 18). Affectionately known as "Portram," it connects the 7.6 km distance between Toyama Station North and Iwasehama. Toyama City, Toyama Prefecture © Toyama Tourism Federation ">

Toyama Light Rail

Former Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau 2600 series
It was once used as a streetcar by the Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau (abolished in 1969). It was manufactured in 1957. It was transferred to Hiroshima Electric Railway in 1969 and is still in use today as the 900 series. Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Hiroshi Aizawa ">

Former Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau 2600 series

Former Kyoto City Transportation Bureau 1900 series
It was used as a streetcar by the Kyoto City Transportation Bureau until it was abolished in 1978 (Showa 53). It was manufactured in 1970. After the abolition, all 15 cars were taken over by Hiroshima Electric Railway, and are still in active use. Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Hiroshi Aizawa ">

Former Kyoto City Transportation Bureau 1900 series

Hiroshima Electric Railway 5000 series
This is an ultra-low-floor LRV (light rail vehicle) manufactured by Siemens of Germany. It was introduced in 1999. It is nicknamed the "GREEN MOVER." The body is made of aluminum alloy, and it has features not found in traditional Japanese streetcars, such as an articulated body and a bold design. Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture © Hiroshi Aizawa ">

Hiroshima Electric Railway 5000 series


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

専用の用地ではなく一般道路上に線路を敷設する電車。市街電車ともいい、日本では法規上軌道とよぶ。電車は1879年にドイツのE・W・ジーメンスが発明してベルリンの勧業博覧会で公開したが、時を置かず市街地の鉄道馬車にかわって発達した。日本では1890年(明治23)に東京で開催された第3回内国勧業博覧会にアメリカ製スプレーグ式電車が紹介された。最初の路面電車は京都市下京区東洞院塩小路から伏見町油掛(あぶらかけ)間に運転が開始された。内国勧業博覧会から5年を経た1895年であった。その後、東京、京都、大阪、名古屋などの各都市で馬車鉄道による市内公共交通を路面電車に置き換えたばかりでなく、網の目のように整備されていった。最初は電灯会社など民営企業が開拓したが、整備されるにしたがって市当局が交通局として運営する場合が多くなった。

 19世紀末には世界各国の主要都市では乗合馬車にかわって路面電車網が発達して、市民の足の主役になった。当時の電車の大きさは乗合馬車の収容能力とほぼ同じ程度で、2軸単車で車体長は6メートル、定員が20人から30人程度であった。1903年(明治36)に開業した大阪市の路面電車には2階式の車両が最初から混じっていた。電車の発車合図には車掌が手で紐(ひも)を引っ張ってベルを鳴らし、また、運転手は足踏み式のゴングを鳴らして警報合図をしたので、チンチン電車の愛称がおこった。やがて路面電車の普及発達と利用者の増大に伴って電車は大型化の一途をたどり、2軸ボギー車が主流となった。

 ヨーロッパ諸国では2両または3両の連結列車や連節台車式長編成のものも普及するに至った。アメリカでは1930年代にPCCカーという高加速・高減速の近代的な路面電車を普及させて自動車交通への対抗策を講じた。しかし、その後自動車の急速な普及発達に伴って、路面電車は、フランスやイギリスでは1950年代には廃止され、アメリカでも一部の都市を除いて廃止された。日本でも1970年代に、自動車群の洪水による電車線の占領を余儀なくされ、電車運転速度の低下などサービスの低下と運賃値上げによる客離れの相乗効果によって廃止に追い込まれていった。しかし路面電車が廃止されても道路交通渋滞は解消されるどころか、いっそう混乱が加わった。その一方で、広島市や長崎市などのように、条例によって路面電車の路線敷に自動車の進入を許さない地域はいまだに電車の正常な運営が確保されている。

 ヨーロッパでは、1990年代に入ってから、増加する自動車交通への対応を迫られ、かつて路面電車を廃止した都市でも、近代的交通機関LRT(light rail transit)として復活させた。車両はLRV(light rail vehicle)あるいは軽快電車とよばれている。路面電車を維持していたドイツ、スイスや東欧諸国でも、車両の近代化とあわせ、インフラの改良を行ってLRTに衣替えしている。日本では2006年(平成18)4月にJR西日本の富山港線が、LRT化され、第三セクターに移管され、富山ライトレール富山港線として生まれ変わった。

 なお、古くからサンフランシスコ市内の名物になっていまなお存続しているケーブルカーも広い意味では路面電車に入る。

[西尾源太郎・佐藤芳彦]

[参照項目] | LRT | 軽快電車 | 公営交通 | ジーメンス | 鉄道馬車 | 電車 | 都市交通
大阪市電(大正時代)
四ツ橋交差点。大阪府大阪市南区・西区(現在の中央区・西区)。『大阪府写真帖』(1914年〈大正3〉)国立国会図書館所蔵">

大阪市電(大正時代)

函館市電「箱館ハイカラ號」
北海道最初の路面電車。1913年(大正2)に馬車鉄道の軌道を利用して運行を開始した。市民や観光客の足として、現在も利用者は多い。写真は1918年(大正7)に購入した車両を復原した「箱館ハイカラ號」。北海道函館市©函館市 湯の川温泉旅館協同組合 社団法人函館国際観光コンベンション協会">

函館市電「箱館ハイカラ號」

富山ライトレール
日本初の本格的LRT(Light Rail Transit)。写真は2006年(平成18)の開業と同時に導入されたTLR0600形。「ポートラム」の愛称で親しまれ、富山駅北―岩瀬浜間7.6kmを結ぶ。富山県富山市©公益社団法人富山県観光連盟">

富山ライトレール

旧大阪市交通局2600形
かつて大阪市交通局の路面電車(1969年廃止)として活躍した。1957年製造。69年に広島電鉄に移籍し、900形として現在も使用されている。広島県広島市©相澤 弘">

旧大阪市交通局2600形

旧京都市交通局1900形
1978年(昭和53)に廃止となるまで、京都市交通局の路面電車として使用された。1970年製造。廃止後、全15両が広島電鉄に引き取られ、いまでも現役として活躍している。広島県広島市©相澤 弘">

旧京都市交通局1900形

広島電鉄5000形
ドイツのシーメンス社製の超低床LRV(light rail vehicle)車両。1999年(平成11)に導入された。「グリーン・ムーバー(GREEN MOVER)」の愛称をもつ。ボディーにはアルミ合金を用い、連接車体や大胆なデザインなど、従来の日本の路面電車にはない特徴を備える。広島県広島市©相澤 弘">

広島電鉄5000形


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Lomonosov (English spelling) Mihail Vasil'evich Lomonosov

>>:  Lomé Convention

Recommend

Nakano Sekiou

A shogunate official in the late Edo period. Comm...

From Ito Yuyori - Itosuke

...A powerful clan in Ito, Izu Province. The Kudo...

"Uwanari Nue Yorimasa"

...A style of Kabuki and Ningyo-Joruri. Uwanari m...

Peacock Denda - Peacock Denda

… The genus Adiantum is common in tropical and wa...

Ofuke - Ofuke

… During the Edo period, Mino was divided into te...

Ciudad Victoria

The capital of Tamaulipas state on the Atlantic co...

polemarchos

...The Medonians, or the Medonians, would lead At...

Yanagihara family

A branch of the Hino family, the Northern branch o...

MSI (Social Movement) (English spelling) MSI

...Apart from the main leaders, the expulsion of ...

Austen, WR (English spelling) AustenWR

...In the 19th century, Berriman's work was c...

Kazutaka Kikawada

Manager and financial figure. Born in Yanagawa-ch...

lower limb

…The human body can be broadly divided into the t...

pleroma (English spelling)

…He founded the Valentinian sect and had a great ...

The Ideals of the East with Special Reference to the Art of Japan

An English work by Okakura Tenshin. Published by J...

Sub-population

...Conceptually, we can recognize several regiona...