Anal fissure - Rekkou (English spelling)

Japanese: 裂肛 - れっこう(英語表記)Anal fissure
Anal fissure - Rekkou (English spelling)

What is the disease?

This can be considered an injury to the anus, and occurs when the anus is torn by hard stool (Figure 13).

Although bowel movements are painful, bleeding is slight. It is more common in women, and is the first anal disease in women. hemorrhoid ( Self-reflection ) It is the second most popular after

What is the cause?

The excretion of hard stool tears the anal epithelium, a delicate layer that covers the anus and is inelastic and easily damaged. The posterior part of the anus, which is a common site for anal fissures, is known to have poor blood flow and is therefore particularly susceptible to tears.

When it cuts, it hurts a lot, and the moment you feel the pain, it surrounds your anus. Internal sphincter ( Health insurance ) It is known that people with anal fissures have high tone of the internal sphincter, and the spasms of these muscles cause the anus to repeatedly tighten and loosen, resulting in a dull pain that continues even after defecation.

This makes people reluctant to go to the toilet, which worsens constipation and makes the stool harder, resulting in deeper damage to the anus. When the anus is cut deeply, the internal sphincter that keeps the anus closed becomes inflamed, causing the anus to remain narrow and hardened (anal stenosis).

This causes further constipation and makes the anus more susceptible to tearing, and the disease progresses.

How symptoms manifest

The most distinctive feature is the pain. When defecating, you feel a very strong, sharp pain, to the point that you don't want to defecate. Even after defecation, the dull pain continues as long as the internal sphincter is in spasm.

The bleeding is clean red and generally just a small amount that gets on the paper, but sometimes it can be quite heavy and consist of drips.

When anal fissure becomes chronic, Ulcers ( Canker ) (Figure 14) This is when the anal fissure deepens into an ulcer, inflammation spreads to the ulcer, and the anus organically narrows, resulting in anal stenosis. This makes it difficult to pass stool, and the stool becomes thin.

Because dirt constantly accumulates in the ulcer, inflammation develops, leading to anal polyps on the mouth side of the ulcer and sentinel warts ( Cutaneous hemorrhoids ( Hifuji ) Anal polyps will come out of the anus during bowel movements, and cutaneous hemorrhoids will be felt as protrusions or bumps from the anus.

Treatment methods

When the anal fissure is new and not yet chronic, it is treated conservatively.

If the pain during bowel movements is severe and does not improve even with medication, or if the pain improves but recurs, a lateral incision of the internal sphincter is performed to relieve the narrowed area (Figure 15).

This is a method to relieve the pain of anal fissure and make the anus less likely to tear by releasing the anal stenosis. A thin scalpel is inserted through the skin around the anus to cut open part of the narrowed internal sphincter, and can be done in an outpatient setting in just 1-2 minutes.

If the anal fissure becomes completely chronic and the stenosis is severe with anal polyps or skin hemorrhoids, the patient will be hospitalized and undergo surgery. The surgery generally involves removing the anal polyps and skin hemorrhoids, then cutting open and widening the narrowed area, followed by mucocutaneous sutures and moving the skin inside the anus to cover it (skin flap transfer surgery).

Another recently attempted treatment is to temporarily close the internal sphincter rather than surgically opening the sphincter. Relaxation ( Study ) There is a method to treat anal fissures using a drug that relaxes the internal sphincter (nitroglycerin ointment). However, it has been found that this causes side effects such as headaches, so drugs that relax the internal sphincter without side effects have been devised and developed.

What to do if you notice an illness

Regularize your bowel movements to ease the pain of anal fissures. If you do not have hard stools due to constipation, your anus will not tear and the anal fissure will not progress. Eat foods that are high in fiber and drink plenty of water. It is not good to have diarrhea due to stools that are too soft. If the stool is too soft, dirt will easily stick to the anal fissure, slowing down the healing of the wound. Avoid excessive drinking and eating, and try to lead a regular lifestyle.

Pay attention to anal hygiene after defecation. If dirt is left on the anal fissure, the pain will continue and the healing will be delayed. After defecation, wash thoroughly with warm water.

External medications such as suppositories and ointments, as well as oral medications such as laxatives, are also effective. If lifestyle precautions do not work, you should consider using medicine.

If the anal fissure becomes chronic and it becomes difficult to pass stool, outpatient treatment should be performed. If there are anal polyps protruding from the anus or cutaneous hemorrhoids and the stenosis is severe, hospitalization and surgery is recommended.

Junichi Iwadare

Figure 13 Anal fissure
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Figure 13 Anal fissure

Figure 14 Anal fissure and anal ulcer
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Figure 14 Anal fissure and anal ulcer

Figure 15. Lateral incision of the internal sphincter
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Figure 15. Lateral incision of the internal sphincter


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 肛門の外傷といえる病気です。硬い便により肛門が切れて生じます(図13)。

 排便に痛みが伴いますが、出血はわずかです。女性に多くみられ、肛門の病気としては女性では痔核(じかく)に次いで多くなっています。

原因は何か

 硬い便の排出で、肛門をおおっている肛門上皮という、伸展性がなく傷つきやすいデリケートな部分が切れます。とくに裂肛の好発部位である肛門後方は血流が乏しいことで知られていて、切れやすい部分といえます。

 切れると痛みを強く感じ、痛みを感じた瞬間に肛門を囲んでいる内括約筋(ないかつやくきん)は反射的にけいれんを起こします。裂肛になる人の場合、内括約筋の緊張が高いことが知られていますが、この筋肉のけいれんが肛門を締めたり、ゆるめたりを繰り返し、排便後も続くジーンとした痛みを引き起こします。

 このようなことからトイレへ行くのが嫌になり、したがって便秘が悪化し、便がさらに硬くなり、肛門をより深く傷つける結果となります。肛門が深く切れると肛門を常に締めている内括約筋に炎症が及び、肛門が狭いままで固まってしまうようになります(肛門狭窄(きょうさく))。

 そのためにますます便秘になり、肛門が切れやすくなるということを繰り返し、病気が進行していきます。

症状の現れ方

 特徴的なのは痛みです。排便の時、かなり強い鋭い痛みを感じ、排便するのが嫌になるほどです。排便後もジーンとした痛みが、内括約筋がけいれんしている間は続きます。

 出血はきれいな赤い血で、概して紙に付く程度のわずかなことが多いのですが、時にポタポタとかなり量が多いこともあります。

 裂肛が慢性化すると肛門潰瘍(かいよう)になります(図14)。これは裂肛部分が潰瘍状に深くなるもので、潰瘍部分には炎症が及び、肛門が器質的に狭くなり、肛門狭窄となります。そのため便が出にくくなり、また、便が細くなってしまいます。

 潰瘍部分に絶えず汚物がたまる状態となるために、炎症性に潰瘍部分の口側には肛門ポリープが、肛門側には皮膚の突起した見張りイボ(皮膚痔(ひふじ))ができてきます。肛門ポリープは排便時に肛門から脱出するようになり、皮膚痔は肛門からの突起物、出っ張りとして感じられるようになります。

治療の方法

 裂肛が新しく、慢性化していない時期では、保存的に治療します。

 排便時の痛みがひどく、薬を使っていてもなかなか治らなかったり、いったん治っても裂肛を繰り返す場合は、狭くなった部分を解除する内括約筋側方切開を行います(図15)。

 これは肛門狭窄部を解除することで裂肛の痛みを和らげたり、肛門を切れにくくする方法です。肛門のまわりの皮膚から細いメスを挿入して、狭くなった内括約筋の一部を切開するもので、外来で1~2分程度のわずかな時間で行えます。

 裂肛が完全に慢性化し、肛門ポリープや皮膚痔を伴って狭窄がひどい場合は、入院して手術を行います。手術は肛門ポリープや皮膚痔を切除後、狭くなった部分を切開して広げ、そのあとに粘膜皮膚縫合を行い、皮膚を肛門内に移動しカバーする方法(皮膚弁移動術)が一般的に行われています。

 そのほか、最近試みられるようになった治療として、括約筋を手術的に切開するのではなく、内括約筋を一時的に弛緩(しかん)させる薬物(ニトログリセリン軟膏)を用いて裂肛を治そうとする方法があります。しかし頭痛などの副作用が生じることがわかり、副作用がなく内括約筋を弛緩させる薬物が工夫・開発されています。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 裂肛の痛みを和らげるために便通を整えます。便秘で硬い便にしなければ、肛門は切れることもなく、また裂肛が進むこともありません。食事は繊維を多く含んだものを食べるようにし、水分も十分にとります。便が軟らかすぎて下痢であっても、よくありません。軟らかすぎると裂肛部分に汚物が付着しやすくなり、傷の治りが遅れます。暴飲、暴食を避け、規則正しい生活を送るようにします。

 排便後の肛門衛生にも留意します。裂肛部分に汚物が付着したままでは痛みが続きますし、治りも悪くします。排便後はきれいに温湯で洗います。

 坐薬、軟膏などの外用薬、緩下剤などの内服薬も効果があります。生活上の注意で治らない場合は、薬の使用を考えるべきです。

 裂肛が慢性化し、便が出にくくなっているならば外来処置を受けるべきです。肛門外に脱出する肛門ポリープや、皮膚痔を伴い狭窄がひどいようならば入院手術がすすめられます。

岩垂 純一

図13 裂肛
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図13 裂肛

図14 裂肛と肛門潰瘍
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図14 裂肛と肛門潰瘍

図15 内括約筋側方切開
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図15 内括約筋側方切開


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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