Due to the ambiguity of the concept of feudalism, it can also refer to a state that has a feudal system or serfdom as its substructure, but strictly speaking it refers to the narrow feudal system of medieval Western Europe, that is, a state whose main constituent element is a lord-vassal relationship involving the exchange of lane (fief). Feudalism is usually understood as a private relationship between master and servant, with a function that disintegrates the state, and ultimately incompatible with the state, but this is incorrect. The vassalage system, which is the human basis of feudalism, was of course originally a private relationship between master and servant in the sense that it was established outside the framework of the state, but its important function within the state and its quantitative spread were determined by its nationalization by the Frankish monarchy from the late 8th century to the early 9th century. Furthermore, in France, in the 13th century, the maxim "No land without a (feudal) lord" was born, and the royal authority treated a certain piece of land as a lane originally issued from the king, unless it could be proven that it was a freehold land inherited from ancestors. This shows the most typical circumstances of a feudal state, but it is also nothing other than the result of the royal authority's efforts to centralize power using feudalism from the late 12th century onwards. Of course, for feudal centralization to be possible, the king's power had to have a fairly large area of direct control (royal land in the broad sense) and a direct administrative organization as its practical base. However, the rule there was based on the principle of patrimonialism, not feudalism. Also, feudalism originally provided the only realistic means of governance at the time when the king's power was faced with the need to control a vast area that far exceeded the capacity of the limited material and technical administrative means. For example, when the king tried to incorporate a powerful clan that had its own power base within the country and was comparable in strength to the king's power into the state, or when the king tried to establish the rule of the king's power in a newly conquered region, the king's only option was to make the powerful clan a feudal vassal or to send his own trusted retainer (vassal) to the region. However, the rule they exercised in their local areas was also largely patrimonial. In that sense, feudalism was never the only principle of state formation in feudal states. On the contrary, the king's retainers, vassals, and agents needed some degree of independent power base to actually exercise control in their local areas, and there is no denying that there was always an inherent tendency toward the dissolution of the state. [Takeshi Ishikawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
封建制概念の多義性に対応して、領主制や農奴制を下部構造としてもつ国家のことをさす場合もあるが、厳密には、西欧中世の、狭義の封建制、つまりレーン(封土)の授受を伴う主従関係を一つの主要な構成契機とする国家のこと。 普通、封建制は、私的な主従関係であって、国家解体的な機能をもち、究極的には国家と両立しないもの、と解されがちであるが、これは正しくない。封建制の人的契機をなす従士制が、もともと国家の枠外で成立したという意味で私的な主従関係であったことはもちろんだが、それが国家のなかで重要な機能を営み、また量的に普及をみるに至ったについては、8世紀後半から9世紀初頭に至るフランク王権によるその国制化が決定的な役割を果たしている。さらに、フランスにおいては、13世紀になると、「土地にして(封建)主君なきはなし」という格言が生まれ、王権は、ある土地について、それが祖先伝来の自由世襲地であることが証明されない限り、もともと国王に発したレーンとして扱った。これはもっとも典型的な封建国家の事情を示すものであるが、それもまた、12世紀後半以降、王権が封建制を用いて集権化に努めた結果にほかならない。 もちろん、封建制による集権化が可能であるためには、王権は、その実力的基盤として、ある程度強大な直轄的支配領域(広義の王領地)と直轄的行政組織をもたなくてはならない。しかし、そこでの支配は、封建制ではなく家産制の原理に立脚している。また、もともと封建制は、王権が限られた物的・技術的行政手段の能力をはるかに上回る広大な地域を支配する必要に直面したとき、当時現実的に可能な唯一の統治手段を提供した。たとえば、国内において固有の権力基盤をもち実力において王権と拮抗(きっこう)する豪族を国家に組み込もうとするとき、あるいは、新たに征服した地方に王権の支配を貫徹させようとするとき、王権にとっては、その豪族を封建家臣とするか、あるいは、自らの腹心である従士(家臣)をその地に派遣するか、それ以外の方法はなかったのである。しかし、彼らが在地で行った支配も大部分家産的なものである。その意味で封建国家においては、封建制が唯一の国家構成原理となることはなかった。それどころか、国王の従士や家臣ないし代理人が在地で現実に支配を貫徹するためにも、ある程度固有な権力基盤が必要であり、そこに絶えず国家解体への方向が内在していたことは否めない。 [石川 武] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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