Greek mathematician and astronomer. Born in Cnidus on the southwest coast of Asia Minor, he is said to have been a friend and disciple of Plato. In mathematics, he expanded the theory of proportion and reorganized it so that it could be applied to incommensurable quantities (irrational quantities), and this work is summarized in Book 5 of Euclid's Stoikheia . He also discovered the "method of exhaustion," which is equivalent to today's piecewise integral method, and this method was used to calculate the area of planes and solids until the 17th century. He also developed the theory of the golden section. In astronomy, he advocated the theory of concentric celestial spheres, premised on the theory of Plato and others that the heavenly bodies are perfect spheres and move in circles. This theory attempted to explain the irregular movements of the sun, moon, and planets by combining the rotational movements of 27 celestial spheres around the earth, and although it was insufficient in explaining the direct, stationary, and retrograde motions of the planets, it was able to do so. Aristotle also supported this theory, further complicating its mechanism. The theory of concentric celestial spheres formed the basis of a scientific view of the universe, but it was merely a geometric hypothesis and subsequently fell into disuse during the Hellenistic period. [Hirata Hiroshi] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ギリシアの数学者、天文学者。小アジア南西岸のクニドスの出身で、プラトンの友人とも門人ともいわれる。数学では比例論を広げて、通約できない量(無理量)にまで適用できるように組織し直したが、この業績はユークリッドの『ストイケイア』Stoikheia第5巻にまとめられている。また「取り尽くし法」という今日でいう区分積分法に相当する方法を発見、この方法は17世紀まで平面や立体の求積に使用された。黄金分割の理論も発展させた。 天文学では、プラトンらの、天体は完全な球でその運行は円だとする説を前提に、同心天球説を唱えた。この説は、太陽、月、惑星の不規則な運動を、地球を中心にした27個の天球の回転運動の結合によって解明しようとしたもので、惑星の順行、留(りゅう)、逆行が不十分であるが、説明できた。アリストテレスもこの説を支持して、さらにその仕組みを複雑にした。同心天球説は科学的宇宙像を基礎づけたが、それはあくまでも幾何学的な仮説にすぎず、その後ヘレニズム時代には廃れた。 [平田 寛] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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