The science of the flow and deformation of matter. It deals with the flow and deformation of materials that do not exhibit ideal elasticity, which obeys Hooke's law, or pure viscosity, which obeys Newton's law of viscosity. The word rheology comes from the Greek ρεω (rheo-), meaning flow. It was named by the American Eugene Cook Bingham (1878-1945). He was studying the flow of suspensions of clay and water. This type of material does not flow until the pressure reaches a certain yield point, but above the yield point, the flow rate increases in proportion to the pressure (fluids with this property are called plastic fluids or Bingham fluids). These properties are difficult to deal with using classical physics, so he proposed "rheology" as a new academic field that integrates the physics and chemistry that had existed up until that point (1922). It became widespread worldwide after 1940. This was partly due to the fact that the production of polymeric materials such as synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and plastics, which were important research subjects, began, and the research on colloidal solutions had been active up until that point, and the development of rheology was based on research in European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands. [Yamazaki Akira] Rheological research topicsRheology has traditionally focused on rubber, textiles, paper, plastics, paints, printing inks, photographic film, and other industrial products, as well as foods such as tofu, agar, butter, and pudding, adhesives such as glue, varnishes, and everyday products such as cosmetic creams. In recent years, however, the scope of rheology has expanded to include blood, biological tissues, clay, sand, rocks, and even the earth's crust and mantle, and the number of related fields has increased. As a result, research methods are diverse and it is no exaggeration to say that they encompass all research methods from related fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, civil engineering, medicine, and metallurgy. In research into the texture of clothing and the flavor of cheese, psychological methods are also introduced, and for this reason there is even a methodology called psychorheology. Instruments that measure the rheological behavior of substances are collectively called rheometers, but rotational viscometers and rotational vibration viscoelasticity meters are often referred to by this name and are available commercially. [Yamazaki Akira] "Introduction to Rheology" by Koten Oka (1977, Industrial Research Association)" ▽ "Rheology, 2nd Edition by Tsurutaro Nakagawa (1978, Iwanami Complete Works)" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物質の流動と変形に関する科学。フックの法則に従う理想弾性、あるいはニュートンの粘性法則に従う純粘性を示さない物質の変形・流動を扱う。 レオロジーの語源は、ギリシア語のρεω (rheo-)すなわち流れである。命名者はアメリカのビンガムEugene Cook Bingham(1878―1945)である。彼は、粘土と水などの懸濁液の流動を研究していた。この種の物質は、圧力がある降伏点に至るまでは流動が認められないが、降伏値以上では圧力に比例して流速の増加がおこる(このような性質をもつ流体は塑性流体、あるいはビンガム流体という)。これらの性質は古典物理学では扱いがたいので、それまでの物理や化学を総合した新しい学問分野として「レオロジー」を提案した(1922)のである。世界的に広がったのは1940年以後のことである。これは、一つには重要な研究対象である合成繊維や合成ゴム、プラスチックなどの高分子物質などの生産が始まり、それまでのコロイド溶液などの研究の盛んであったドイツやオランダなどのヨーロッパ諸国の研究を基礎として大きく発展したことでもある。 [山崎 昶] レオロジーの研究対象研究対象はゴム、繊維、紙、プラスチック、ペイント、印刷インキ、写真フィルム、その他工業製品はもとより、豆腐、寒天、バター、プリンなどの食品、糊(のり)などの接着剤やワニス、化粧クリームなどの日常品などが古くからのものであるけれども、血液や生体組織、粘土、砂、岩石、さては地殻やマントルなどにまで近年はレオロジーの対象は広くなり、したがって関連する分野も増加した。そのために研究方法も多種多様であり、物理学、化学、生物学、地質学、土木工学、医学、金属工学などの関連した分野からの研究法をすべて包含しているといっても過言ではない。衣服の風合いとかチーズの風味などの研究においてはさらに心理学的手法も導入され、そのためにサイコレオロジーという方法論まで存在する。 物質のレオロジー的挙動を測定する計器をレオメーターと総称するが、回転粘度計や回転振動粘弾性計などがこの名称でよばれることが多く市販もされている。 [山崎 昶] 『岡小天著『レオロジー入門』(1977・工業調査会)』▽『中川鶴太郎著『レオロジー』第二版(1978・岩波全書)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Réaumur (English name) René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
...A type of frog that secretes a strong poison f...
〘 noun 〙① The condition in which paintings, antiqu...
〘noun〙 The ridge of a roof. Source: The Selected E...
682‐720 The eighth caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. ...
A genus of the Gesneriaceae family, with about 10 ...
...In the original terminology, Protestants who r...
German composer, organist, and pianist. After stud...
…The larvae are major pests of stored grains and ...
? - 1745 (Enkyo 2) A Kyoto bookshop in the mid-Edo...
It is an abbreviation of polychlorinated biphenyls...
A long desert in northern Chile, South America, s...
A phenomenon in which a previously very dim star ...
...Fish dishes include smoked or pickled herring,...
It is located at the southern end of Mt. Shizukuya...
...A general term for the green algae Enteromorph...