Gold to Silver Ratio

Japanese: 金銀比価 - きんぎんひか
Gold to Silver Ratio

The ratio is the price of the same weight of gold relative to the price of silver, which is set at 1. In Europe, it is said to have been roughly 13.1/3 from ancient times to the early modern period, but of course there were exceptions depending on the country and the era. However, after the discovery of silver mines in Bolivia in South America in the mid-16th century, the gold-to-silver ratio in Europe rose due to increased silver production. In other words, while it was around 11.5 in the 15th century, it was centered around 15.0 from the late 17th century to the early 19th century.

At that time, the monetary units of each country were determined by gold and silver, and both gold and silver coins were often used as specie (bimetallic standard). For this reason, there was a fixed legal ratio, and at the same time, there was a market ratio that fluctuated based on the respective prices formed by supply and demand, but these two ratios almost never coincided. If the market ratio were to become higher than the legal ratio (i.e. silver was valued lower in the market than the legal ratio), it would be profitable to buy silver bullion in the market, mint it into silver coins, exchange them for gold coins at the legal ratio, and use the gold coins to buy silver bullion, so gold coins would be driven out of the market and only silver coins would be in circulation (Gresham's Law). The only way to avoid this situation would be to move from the bimetallic standard to a monometallic standard and to differentiate into standard and subsidiary currencies. In this way, each country gradually moved toward the gold standard, but in the process, the demand for silver for monetary purposes declined, and the gold-silver ratio, which was centered around 15.5 until around 1870, gradually rose to a high of 18.4 in the 1870s, 22.1 in the 1880s, 35.0 in the 1890s, 39.7 in the 1900s, and 53.7 in the 1910s.

In Japan, the legal gold-silver ratio during the Edo period was 4.0, but by the end of the Edo period the market ratio was 5.0. As mentioned above, the global gold-silver ratio at the time was 15.5, meaning that gold in Japan was valued at less than one-third of the global level. This led to a large amount of gold flowing out of the country from the end of the Edo period through the beginning of the Meiji era. This is a striking example of the role of the gold-silver ratio on an international scale.

[Horiie Bunkichirō]

[References] | Gresham's Law | Bimetallic Standards

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

銀の価格を1としたとき、それに対してそれと同一重量の金の価格が示す倍率。ヨーロッパでは古代から近世までおおむね13.1/3であったとされているが、むろん国により時代によって例外がなかったわけではない。ところが16世紀中ごろに南米のボリビアでの銀鉱発見以後、銀の増産によりヨーロッパの金銀比価の水準は上昇した。すなわち、15世紀には11.5前後であったものが、17世紀後半から19世紀初頭にかけては15.0が中心となった。

 当時、諸国の貨幣単位は金と銀により規定され、金貨と銀貨をともに正貨とすることが多かった(金銀複本位制度)。このため、そこには固定の法定比価があり、同時に需給により形成されるそれぞれの価格に基づいて変動する市場比価があったが、これら2種の比価が一致することはまずありえなかった。かりに市場比価が法定比価よりも高くなる(つまり銀が市場では法定比価よりも安く評価される)と、市場で銀地金を買って造幣して銀貨とし、これを法定比価で金貨にかえ、その金貨で銀地金を買う操作を行えば有利となるため、金貨が市場から駆逐され銀貨のみが流通することとなる(グレシャムの法則)。このような事態を避けるには、複本位制度から単本位制度への移行、本位貨幣と補助貨幣への分化以外にない。こうして各国ともしだいに金本位制度に移行したが、その過程で貨幣用銀の需要が減退し、金銀比価は1870年ごろまで15.5が中心であったのが、その後1870年代には18.4、1880年代には22.1、1890年代には35.0、1900年代には39.7、1910年代には53.7としだいにその最高値を切り上げていった。

 日本では、江戸期の法定比価は4.0であったが、幕末には市場比価は5.0となっていた。当時、金銀比価の世界的水準は前述のように15.5であったから、日本では金を世界の水準の3分の1以下に評価していたことになる。このため幕末から明治初年にかけて多量の金が国外に流出した。国際的規模での金銀比価の働きの顕著な事例である。

[堀家文吉郎]

[参照項目] | グレシャムの法則 | 複本位制度

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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